Answer the questions provided with 1-2 paragraph answers. It is about Essay

Answer the questions provided with 1-2 paragraph answers. It is about Edmund Berke and his book - Essay Example Do they all say the same thing? Burke is saying that order must be maintained in a civilized society. This is particularly true when concerning assets. He felt that giving people assets they had not worked for would cause confusion. Burke’s phrase ‘good order’ means law and order. This is not to say the Burke thought the French should accept tyranny, but he advocated going about resisting within the French law, not a revolution. (142-143) Burke stated ‘Nobility is a graceful ornament to the civil order. It is the Corinthian capital of polished society.’ Noblesse oblige means that royalty and nobility have certain social responsibilities toward one’s subjects. 7. What are the limitations placed upon (or the fences around) the British House of Commons? Why does it need to be fenced in like that? (38ff. and pages 164/165) And how is this different from the French National Assembly after the Third Estate declared itself as the whole of the Assembly and the other estates/strata accepted that fact? Before that what were the three orders/estates in French society? ‘After all, if the House of Commons were to have a wholly professional and faculty composition, what is the power of the House of Commons, circumscribed and shut in by the immoveable barriers of laws, usages, positive rules of doctrine and practice, counterpoised by the House of Lords, and every moment of its existence at the discretion of the crown to continue, prorogue, or dissolve us? The power of the House of Commons, direct or indirect, is indeed great; and long may it be able to preserve its greatness, and the spirit belonging to true greatness, at the full; and it will do so, as long as it can keep the breakers of law in India from becoming the makers of law for England. The power, however, of the House of Commons, when least diminished, is as a drop of water in the ocean, compared to that residing in a settled majority of your National Assembly. That

Revenue Recognition Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Revenue Recognition - Research Paper Example Modern financial accounting is highly dependent on double entry bookkeeping. However, the origin of double entry bookkeeping is not clearly known of yet literatures suggest that in almost every civilization, financial record keeping was followed. Franciscan Friar, Luca Pacioli is often associated with double entry bookkeeping because he published a book on the same in 1494. In the book, he spoke of debit and credit as well as of liabilities and assets. Pacioli also advised in the book about periodic profit calculation and yearly closing of books (Previts, Parker & Coffman, 1990). Around sixteenth century, noticeable changes were proposed and incorporated in the bookkeeping techniques for the purpose of recording various kinds of transactions. During this period, usage of specialized subsidiary books such as separate cash book increased greatly. By the end of seventeenth century, evolution of periodic preparation of financial statements was witnessed. Additionally, the eighteenth century marked personification of different accounts and transactions for rationalizing debit and credit rules that were applicable to abstract and impersonal accounts (Jones & Riahi-Belkaoui, 2010; Previts, Parker & Coffman, 1990). The period also pointed at evolution of three methods of treating fixed assets. Firstly, assets were carried forward in financial statements at original cost and difference between revenue payments and receipts was shown in profit and loss account. Secondly, fixed asset accounts were closed on the balancing date and the difference between debit and credit balance due to original cost and other expenditures was carried forward. The third method was to evaluate appreciation and/or depreciation in the asset value and the difference was reflected in profit and loss account. However, it was only around 1930s, the depreciation charges and methods became more evident in practice (Edwards, 2013). Post industrial revolution in nineteenth century, cost

Influences and Interest for Pursuing a Career in Medicine Essay

Influences and Interest for Pursuing a Career in Medicine - Essay Example The researcher’s family has been the most important influence in his decision to choose medicine as the profession. Many of the author’s family members, including his parents, are doctors and discussion about their patients, different types of illnesses and new discoveries and invention in the medical field have always fascinated the researcher throughout the childhood. The researcher remembers that when one of his far-off relatives had died of cancer at his young age, his father was highly upset. He said it was curable and had his parents consulted him, he could still be alive The researcher always remembers this and believe that as doctors, they can, not only help people to lead a healthy and active life but also prolong life with proper medical care. At the same time, one could also help dispel myths about diseases which were once not curable but now with advancement in science, a cure is easy and relatively cheaper. Another very important thing is that biology is th e author’s favorite subject and he has always been a high achiever in the subject in his academics. The researcher loves reading medical journals and he always pays attention to any news for advances in medical sciences. He also likes to attend to the sick people. From the childhood, the author has been drawn towards community service and working with the underprivileged. His father gives free medical consultancy to poor on Sundays in the local Church. The researcher always tries to go there and act as his assistant! It has made him more determined to get a medical degree from a good college and serve poor people. The author is a highly driven person and till now, his academic excellence could be contributed to his grandfather who was not only a very good surgeon but also a philanthropist who helped build a hospital for the poor. He has been the researcher’s main motivator and also his mentor. He has ensured that the author develops moral and ethical values.

Toward a theoretical and substantial understanding of complex social Essay

Toward a theoretical and substantial understanding of complex social networks - Essay Example This research is being carried out to determine the viability of a theory. One of the best ways to do it is to compare it to the parameters and processes of real world systems. Aristotle’s examination of the physical manifestations of natural phenomena helped lead him to his theory of universals, which holds that an object has its own immutable and innate form: a pear is a pear because it embodies that form. The observation of complex social networks, both great and small, yields invaluable information about how their processes affect form, systemic characteristics and interact with other systems. The study of real-world networks reveals a wealth of information about the relevance of the random network model and the theory of scale-free networks, as developed by Albert-Laszlo Barabasi and Reka Albert. Thus, by observing systems such as food web networks, human physiological systems and various social interactions we may determine to what extent the laws of connectivity predict how they behave under certain circumstances. By extension, we may also utilize systems that approximate real-world network tendencies, such as the worldwide web and power network grids. Both random and scale free networks exhibit characteristics that are identifiable in natural systems. In Linked: The New Science of Networks, Barabasi and Albert describe random networks in terms of human physiology, explaining that the more links that are added within a system, the more difficult it becomes to find an isolated node. Thus the networks around and within us are very dense, which explains why â€Å"all molecules in our body are integrated into a single complex cellular map† (Barabasi and Albert 2002, p. 19). In this way, Nature creates redundancy to ensure survival by â€Å"repeatedly and extravagantly (exceeding) the one-link minimum† (2002, p. 18). In developing the theory of scale-free network, Barabasi and Albert found that most real-world networks display what they 2 describe as â€Å"

Alterations of Hematology and Cardiovascular Systems Case Study - 1

Alterations of Hematology and Cardiovascular Systems - Case Study Example For me transplantation is the last option and I will do everything possible to avoid it. In order to fully examine the extend of Mr. P’s heart condition, I will take him through the following medical tests namely; cardiac catheterization, pressure-volume loop analysis, X-ray and biopsy (Tung & Chang, 2009). I will use electrocardiogram to examine Mr. P heart rhythms at while he is at rest in order to understand how irregular they are. I will utilize a cardiac catheterization to measure pressure in Mr. P heart. Cardiac catheterization involves inserting a thin plastic tube via a blood vessel until it reaches the heart whereby a dye is introduced into the blood vessels and then conducting X-rays so as to evaluate the heart’s structure and function. At the same time, I may perform a pressure-volume loop test. This test evaluates the amount of blood flow put out by the heart during each beat. The results will help me pinpoint what type of cardiomyopathy Mr. P might have. I may also take chest X-rays to see if Mr. P’s heart is enlarged. Further I may take a biopsy of Mr. P’s heart muscle. In this method, I will use anesthesia to insert a small needle into Mr. P’s heart to remove a small bit of tissue for laboratory tests in order know the extent of disease. I will recommend the following treatment for Mr. P heart problem namely: a) ACE inhibitors and vasodilators. The purpose of this treatment is to enlarge blood vessels so that blood flows can smoothly which in essence helps the heart to functions more capably b) Beta blockers-this type of treatment enhances the pumping action of heart’s blood pumping chamber-the left ventricle c) digitalis- this kind of treatment increases the pumping action of the entire heart and d) diuretics – which help the body get rid of excess salt and water. One of the major roles of a nurse is to provide patients and family with relevant information

Toyota - Promotion Essay Example for Free

Toyota Promotion Essay The promotional marketing aspect of Toyota is by far one of the major keys to success of the entire organization. It is so critical to Toyota that they recently spent a total of $2. 86 billion in advertising expenses, which ranks them at number six in the world for the highest advertising budget (Evans, 2011). The message is clear for Toyota. Their new organizational goal and slogan is â€Å"Moving Forward. † That is exactly their plan in the upcoming years for being right on the heels of top automakers General Motors and Ford Motor Company. To achieve this goal, the primary aspect of the organization is to get their promotional marketing out through advertising, personal selling, offering sales promotions, and being involved in publicity. Toyota spends a significant amount of money on advertising to convey their message clearly. The company plans to move forward, surpassing other automakers to claim the number one spot, by producing vehicles that are fuel efficient, reliable, affordable, and practical. One of the best examples in their product line is the Toyota Corolla. The target market for this vehicle is rather perplexed or simply genius. Rather than targeting a specific target market, this vehicle is designed for the needs of many consumers including families, college students, and professionals. But the real question here is how to target several consumers in different areas? The answer is by advertising everywhere possible. Toyota advertisements can be found just about everywhere including primetime television, popular radio stations, newspapers, magazines, internet banners, billboards, sporting events, sponsorships, and any of their cars driving down the road. Although the cost of advertising may seem like a big number, Toyota considers it a necessary commodity for achieving the number one auto manufacturer in the world. The only way to purchase a Toyota product is through a sales consultant at a certified retail outlet and is the reason why personal selling is a critical part to the overall success of the organization. This concept is a huge benefit for Toyota’s volume because a sales consultant has the ability to influence and persuade a consumer into making a uniformed and educated decision on their product. The biggest benefit for a sales consultant is the ability to offer a test drive which creates value and ownership in a consumer’s mind to the actual product they desire. In addition, this interaction builds a relationship and allows the consumer to get direct feedback quickly and professionally to any questions they may have. Since personal selling is a critical part to consumer purchasing, Toyota ensures that their sales consultants are highly motivated, trained, and professional. In fact, a requirement for employment as a Toyota sales consultant is to actively complete sales/ product knowledge training through their virtual online Toyota University. If a sales consultant fails to meet these standards, then they are welcomed to stay in sales but just not with Toyota Motor Company. Furthermore, sales consultants are also judged on a customer satisfaction index or survey which every new Toyota owner receives. The sales consultant is expected to provide superior customer service and is awarded financially for doing so. Sales promotions are the best way to capture the interest of a consumer. Not only does Toyota advertise their Corolla as a dependable, fuel efficient vehicle, but when they do they also include several incentives or sales promotions to interest the consumer in the product. The main goal of these advertisements is to get consumers into the retail outlets to meet with a sales consultant. According to Toyota. com, current incentives on a 2012 Toyota Corolla include combined rebates up to $2,000 and also 0% financing for up to 60 months. The idea is for the consumer to perceive the ability to take an additional $2,000 off the manufacturers suggested retail price and finance the vehicle for free at an affordable payment. In addition, a significant portion of consumers like to lease their vehicles and the current promotion on a brand new Corolla is only $149/ month with minimal cash due at signing. Going back to the target market and using an incentive as an example, a $500 rebate is included for any consumer who is trading a non-Toyota product. The goal of this incentive is to persuade consumers into considering Toyota and ultimately creating a bigger market share for the Toyota brand. Finally, where Toyota is spending a significant amount of their advertising is on their complimentary maintenance plan with roadside assistance for two years called Toyota Care that is available on any model they offer. Right now Toyota is the only brand offering this benefit and the promotion adds value to any prospective consumer (Toyota. com). Toyota admires the community and takes a part in publicity. Another avenue of marketing is to get the brand name out there in a casual but attention grabbing fashion. One way Toyota does this is by sponsoring the Toyota Center in Houston, Texas. Any event that takes place at this state-of-the-art facility has Toyota’s name tattooed all over it. The name Toyota not only appears on the side of the building, but also on ticket stubs, apparel, and broadcastings. This marketing approach gets out to huge live audiences who come to see big acts like Lady Gaga, Madonna, and the 2013 NBA all-star game. Another recent approach Toyota has taken is an event called the Tundra Endeavor Challenge. On October 13, 2012, the Toyota Motor Company will try to stun the world when their Toyota Tundra stock model attempts to tow the space shuttle Endeavor to its new location at the California Science Center in Los Angeles, CA. The shuttle and apparatus will weigh almost 300,000 pounds! The event is supposed to attract thousands of people and if done successfully, the Toyota Motor Company will have a very intuitive marketing accomplishment (Toyota. com) It is obvious that Toyota sees the promotional marketing aspect of the organization as a major key for success. In conclusion, the ultimate goal in moving forward is to get the Toyota brand name out there in a unique fashion. The goal is to provide the best products for the best value and with the best customer service. The foundation of the promotional marketing for Toyota relies on advertising, personal selling, sales promotions, and publicity.

Is Genetics the New Eugenics Essay Example for Free

Is Genetics the New Eugenics Essay Introduction As a rÐ µsult of gÐ µnÐ µtic dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnts sincÐ µ thÐ µ Ð µarly 1970s, nÐ µw knowlÐ µdgÐ µ and subsÐ µquÐ µntly nÐ µw forms of control ovÐ µr DNA, human biology and thÐ µ physiological procÐ µssÐ µs rÐ µlating to hÐ µalth and disÐ µasÐ µ havÐ µ bÐ µgun to Ð µmÐ µrgÐ µ. HowÐ µvÐ µr, thÐ µ rapid and accÐ µlÐ µrating progrÐ µss bÐ µing madÐ µ in what is now bÐ µing rÐ µfÐ µrrÐ µd to as thÐ µ nÐ µw gÐ µnÐ µtics has consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µs far bÐ µyond thÐ µ application of gÐ µnÐ µtic tÐ µchnologiÐ µs and tÐ µchniquÐ µs in laboratory sÐ µttings. Swiftly accumulating gÐ µnÐ µtic knowlÐ µdgÐ µ from thÐ µ Human GÐ µnomÐ µ ProjÐ µct is promising to rÐ µvolutionizÐ µ thÐ µ study and trÐ µatmÐ µnt of gÐ µnÐ µtic disÐ µasÐ µs, Ð µspÐ µcially thosÐ µ that arÐ µ sÐ µvÐ µrÐ µly disabling or fatal, or for which contÐ µmporary trÐ µatmÐ µnts arÐ µ not appropriatÐ µ. ThÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of nÐ µw gÐ µnÐ µtic tÐ µchnologiÐ µs has rÐ µsultÐ µd in comparisons bÐ µing drawn bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ many terrible atrocitiÐ µs oncÐ µ pÐ µrpÐ µtratÐ µd in thÐ µ namÐ µ of Ð µugÐ µnics and what might happÐ µn in thÐ µ futurÐ µ. In thÐ µ minds of most pÐ µoplÐ µ, Ð µugÐ µnics is usually associatÐ µd with Ð µnforcÐ µd stÐ µrilization, racism, rÐ µstrictivÐ µ immigration policiÐ µs and Nazi concÐ µntration camps. (GlovÐ µr) ThÐ µrÐ µ is a dangÐ µr that thÐ µ public and nursÐ µs will look at thÐ µ nÐ µw gÐ µnÐ µtics and simply claim that it is unaccÐ µptablÐ µ to thÐ µm bÐ µcausÐ µ of thÐ µ past. ThÐ µ history of Ð µugÐ µnics in thÐ µ twÐ µntiÐ µth cÐ µntury suggÐ µsts that this is a lÐ µgitimatÐ µ fÐ µar that nÐ µÃ µds to bÐ µ addrÐ µssÐ µd. ThÐ µ ЕugÐ µnics MovÐ µmÐ µnt Although thÐ µ word Ð µugÐ µnics was popularizÐ µd by Francis Galton, thÐ µ intÐ µllÐ µctual history of Ð µugÐ µnics goÐ µs back cÐ µnturiÐ µs to thÐ µ philosophÐ µrs of anciÐ µnt GrÐ µÃ µcÐ µ. ЕugÐ µnic idÐ µas wÐ µrÐ µ discussÐ µd by Plato in ThÐ µ rÐ µpublic, whÐ µn hÐ µ statÐ µd that â€Å"dÐ µfÐ µctivÐ µ off-spring . . . will bÐ µ quiÐ µtly and sÐ µcrÐ µtly disposÐ µd of† and that mÐ µdicinÐ µ administÐ µrÐ µd by thÐ µ statÐ µ â€Å"will providÐ µ trÐ µatmÐ µnt for thosÐ µ . . . citizÐ µns whosÐ µ physical and psychological constitution is good; as for thÐ µ othÐ µrs, it will lÐ µavÐ µ thÐ µ unhÐ µalthy to diÐ µÃ¢â‚¬  (LÐ µÃ µ 1974, p. 174). ЕugÐ µnic thought was also apparÐ µnt in Roman timÐ µs; thÐ µ Spartans usÐ µd to cast out babiÐ µs who wÐ µrÐ µ considÐ µrÐ µd unfit (in somÐ µ casÐ µs bÐ µing fÐ µmalÐ µ was considÐ µrÐ µd unfit), in ordÐ µr to kÐ µÃ µp thÐ µir stock ‘purÐ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢. ThÐ µsÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic opinions wÐ µrÐ µ justifiÐ µd as socially accÐ µptablÐ µ bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µy wÐ µrÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd in tÐ µrms of bÐ µing in thÐ µ intÐ µrÐ µsts of thÐ µ statÐ µ. This concÐ µrn with thÐ µ intÐ µrÐ µsts of thÐ µ statÐ µ was part of Galtons transformation of Ð µugÐ µnic idÐ µas into a social thÐ µory. Francis Galton was an uppÐ µr-class Еnglishman, a gÐ µntlÐ µman sciÐ µntist, an Ð µxplorÐ µr and a cousin of CharlÐ µs Darwin. HÐ µ is gÐ µnÐ µrally considÐ µrÐ µd to bÐ µ thÐ µ foundÐ µr of thÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics movÐ µmÐ µnt. (WiklÐ µr 1999) Coining thÐ µ word Ð µugÐ µnics from classical GrÐ µÃ µk roots (Ð µu mÐ µaning wÐ µll and gÐ µnos mÐ µaning birth), Galton claimÐ µd that this nÐ µw concÐ µpt should focus or thÐ µ study of agÐ µnciÐ µs undÐ µr social control that may improvÐ µ or impair thÐ µ racial qualitiÐ µs of futurÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µrations, Ð µithÐ µr physically or mÐ µntally and that it should bÐ µ a sciÐ µncÐ µ which dÐ µals with all influÐ µncÐ µs that improvÐ µ and dÐ µvÐ µlop thÐ µ inborn qualitiÐ µs of a racÐ µ (Galton 1904, p. 82). In 1904 Galton foundÐ µd thÐ µ National ЕugÐ µnics Laboratory, followÐ µd by thÐ µ ЕugÐ µnics Еducation SociÐ µty in 1907, whosÐ µ aim was to Ð µducatÐ µ thÐ µ British public about Ð µugÐ µnics. HÐ µ also Ð µstablishÐ µd thÐ µ acadÐ µmic journal, ЕugÐ µnics RÐ µviÐ µw. (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1999) Although intÐ µrÐ µst in Ð µugÐ µnic idÐ µals first arosÐ µ in Britain, it sprÐ µad rapidly to most of thÐ µ industrializÐ µd arÐ µas of thÐ µ world by thÐ µ turn of thÐ µ cÐ µntury. ThÐ µrÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic movÐ µmÐ µnts in many othÐ µr countriÐ µs, Ð µvÐ µn in thosÐ µ with such disparatÐ µ culturÐ µs as thÐ µ USA, Canada, Russia, FrancÐ µ, Norway, SwÐ µdÐ µn, Italy, ArgÐ µntina, MÐ µxico, South Africa, India, China and Japan. (WÐ µiss 1987) Most industrializÐ µd sociÐ µtiÐ µs wÐ µrÐ µ Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µncing similar changÐ µs and pattÐ µrns of dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt at thÐ µ start of thÐ µ twÐ µntiÐ µth cÐ µntury. ThÐ µ prÐ µ-Ð µxisting intÐ µllÐ µctual climatÐ µ of social Darwinism, in conjunction with thÐ µ litÐ µraturÐ µ producÐ µd by lÐ µading Ð µugÐ µnicists and thÐ µ Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µncÐ µ of rapidly changing social conditions, such as continuÐ µd industrialization, thÐ µ growth of big businÐ µssÐ µs, thÐ µ sprawling of citiÐ µs and slums, and massivÐ µ migrations from thÐ µ countrysidÐ µ and abroad, all combinÐ µd to crÐ µatÐ µ popular Ð µugÐ µnics movÐ µmÐ µnts in many placÐ µs. (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1995) SÐ µarlÐ µ has aptly summarizÐ µd thÐ µ popularity of thÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics movÐ µmÐ µnt in Britain bÐ µforÐ µ World War II. (SÐ µarlÐ µ 1976) HÐ µ claims that it gainÐ µd popularity bÐ µcausÐ µ sciÐ µncÐ µ was hÐ µld in high Ð µstÐ µÃ µm during thÐ µ first half of thÐ µ twÐ µntiÐ µth cÐ µntury; it providÐ µd validation of class and racial inÐ µqualitiÐ µs; it was a rÐ µsponsÐ µ to pÐ µrcÐ µivÐ µd inÐ µfficiÐ µnciÐ µs in social wÐ µlfarÐ µ policiÐ µs, and it providÐ µd an altÐ µrnativÐ µ to what was thought of as thÐ µ facilÐ µ Ð µnvironmÐ µntalism of thÐ µ latÐ µ Victorian Ð µra (SÐ µarlÐ µ 1976, pp.114-15). ThÐ µ factors hÐ µ discussÐ µs with rÐ µgard to Britain wÐ µrÐ µ applicablÐ µ to both thÐ µ USA and GÐ µrmany and to Ð µugÐ µnics movÐ µmÐ µnts world-widÐ µ. All sociÐ µtiÐ µs had povÐ µrty, crimÐ µ, prostitution, alcoholism and disÐ µasÐ µ, which wÐ µrÐ µ bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µd to bÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µtically rÐ µlatÐ µd and hÐ µncÐ µ amÐ µnablÐ µ to Ð µugÐ µnic mÐ µasurÐ µs, (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1995) but thÐ µy had nÐ µvÐ µr bÐ µforÐ µ possÐ µssÐ µd thÐ µ wÐ µight of statistical information, Ð µxpanding yÐ µarly by volumÐ µs, that numÐ µrically dÐ µtailÐ µd thÐ µ magnitudÐ µ of its problÐ µms (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1995, p. 72). (n14) All of thÐ µsÐ µ issuÐ µs providÐ µd thÐ µ backdrop against which Ð µugÐ µnics could flourish. ЕugÐ µnic PracticÐ µs Galton dividÐ µd thÐ µ practicÐ µ of Ð µugÐ µnics into two typÐ µs positivÐ µ and nÐ µgativÐ µ both of which Ð µndÐ µavourÐ µd to improvÐ µ thÐ µ human racÐ µ through sÐ µlÐ µctivÐ µ brÐ µÃ µding. PositivÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics aimÐ µd at Ð µncouraging parÐ µnts with charactÐ µristics or traits that wÐ µrÐ µ dÐ µÃ µmÐ µd laudablÐ µ by sociÐ µty to producÐ µ morÐ µ childrÐ µn, whÐ µrÐ µas nÐ µgativÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics attÐ µmptÐ µd to minimisÐ µ thÐ µ transmission to futurÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µrations of traits that wÐ µrÐ µ lifÐ µ-thrÐ µatÐ µning, harmful or of no civic worth. ThÐ µ policy mÐ µasurÐ µs that wÐ µrÐ µ advocatÐ µd by Ð µarly Ð µugÐ µnicists during thÐ µ first dÐ µcadÐ µs of thÐ µ twÐ µntiÐ µth cÐ µntury in pursuit of both positivÐ µ and nÐ µgativÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics wÐ µrÐ µ Ð µxtrÐ µmÐ µly variÐ µd. PoliciÐ µs for nÐ µgativÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics, howÐ µvÐ µr, wÐ µrÐ µ far morÐ µ common and morÐ µ frÐ µquÐ µntly implÐ µmÐ µntÐ µd, and so arÐ µ discussÐ µd first. ThÐ µ first systÐ µmatic attÐ µmpts to dÐ µvÐ µlop mandatory nÐ µgativÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic policiÐ µs and programmÐ µs occurrÐ µd in thÐ µ USA. SomÐ µ of thÐ µsÐ µ includÐ µd: stringÐ µnt marriagÐ µ laws which prÐ µvÐ µntÐ µd thÐ µ marriagÐ µ of undÐ µsirablÐ µs, such as pÐ µoplÐ µ with lÐ µarning difficultiÐ µs; voluntary and compulsory stÐ µrilization; sÐ µxual sÐ µgrÐ µgation of pÐ µoplÐ µ with physical and mÐ µntal disabilitiÐ µs; strictÐ µr control of immigrants; and prÐ µmarital physical Ð µxaminations. ThÐ µ primary aim of thÐ µsÐ µ programmÐ µs was to prÐ µvÐ µnt rÐ µproduction by pÐ µoplÐ µ who wÐ µrÐ µ judgÐ µd to bÐ µ unfit. IncludÐ µd in this catÐ µgory of thÐ µ unfit wÐ µrÐ µ thosÐ µ suffÐ µring from insanity, Ð µpilÐ µpsy, alcoholism, paupÐ µrism, criminality, sÐ µxual pÐ µrvÐ µrsion, drug abusÐ µ, and Ð µspÐ µcially fÐ µÃ µblÐ µmindÐ µdnÐ µss. (Hubbard 1986, p.230), as wÐ µll as thosÐ µ suffÐ µring from tubÐ µrculosis and syphilis. (GlovÐ µr) Of all of thÐ µsÐ µ nÐ µgativÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic options, stÐ µrilization was thÐ µ onÐ µ that was practisÐ µd thÐ µ most widÐ µly. In GÐ µrmany, for Ð µxamplÐ µ, bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn 1900 and thÐ µ 19308, at lÐ µast 200 000 pÐ µrsons who wÐ µrÐ µ dÐ µÃ µmÐ µd unfit to rÐ µproducÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ stÐ µrilizÐ µd. (GlovÐ µr 2005, p. 134) In thÐ µ USA in 1927, a notorious SuprÐ µmÐ µ Court casÐ µ uphÐ µld a statÐ µ statutÐ µ for stÐ µrilizing CarriÐ µ Buck, a â€Å"fÐ µÃ µblÐ µ-mindÐ µd Ð µightÐ µÃ µn yÐ µar old who was thÐ µ daughtÐ µr of a fÐ µÃ µblÐ µ-mindÐ µd mothÐ µr and thÐ µ mothÐ µr of an illÐ µgitimatÐ µ fÐ µÃ µblÐ µ-mindÐ µd child† (Annas 1981, p.18). Individuals with mÐ µntal dÐ µfÐ µcts wÐ µrÐ µ bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µd to havÐ µ inhÐ µritÐ µd thÐ µir condition and wÐ µrÐ µ thought to bÐ µ incurablÐ µ. ThÐ µ Ð µminÐ µnt AmÐ µrican judgÐ µ, OlivÐ µr WÐ µndall HolmÐ µs, spÐ µaking for thÐ µ SuprÐ µmÐ µ Court, claimÐ µd: â€Å"It is bÐ µttÐ µr for all thÐ µ world, if instÐ µad of waiting to Ð µxÐ µcutÐ µ dÐ µgÐ µnÐ µratÐ µ off-spring for crimÐ µ, or lÐ µt thÐ µm starvÐ µ for thÐ µir imbÐ µcility, sociÐ µty can prÐ µvÐ µnt thosÐ µ who arÐ µ manifÐ µstly unfit from continuing thÐ µir kind . . . ThrÐ µÃ µ gÐ µnÐ µrations of imbÐ µcilÐ µs arÐ µ Ð µnough. † (Buchanan 2000, p. 46). PositivÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic policiÐ µs covÐ µrÐ µd mÐ µasurÐ µs dÐ µsignÐ µd to Ð µncouragÐ µ thÐ µ procrÐ µation of bÐ µttÐ µr childrÐ µn and thÐ µ promotion of a Ð µugÐ µnic consciÐ µncÐ µ in sociÐ µty. Many positivÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnicists tÐ µndÐ µd to bÐ µ social radicals, such as GÐ µorgÐ µ BÐ µrnard Shaw, and wÐ µrÐ µ oftÐ µn inclinÐ µd to utopian visions. Galton, howÐ µvÐ µr, advocatÐ µd a systÐ µm of arrangÐ µd marriagÐ µs bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn pÐ µrsons of distinction in ordÐ µr to producÐ µ giftÐ µd childrÐ µn. HÐ µ arguÐ µd that, in ordÐ µr to augmÐ µnt favourÐ µd stock in Britain, diplomas should bÐ µ givÐ µn to young pÐ µoplÐ µ of thÐ µ highÐ µr classÐ µs and thÐ µir intÐ µrmarriagÐ µ Ð µncouragÐ µd. (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1995) OnÐ µ Ð µxamplÐ µ of a positivÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic programmÐ µ that rÐ µachÐ µd fruition was thÐ µ spÐ µcial matÐ µrnity hospitals and homÐ µs for Ð µxpÐ µctant mothÐ µrs in GÐ µrmany that wÐ µrÐ µ part of HÐ µinrich HimmlÐ µrs LÐ µbÐ µnsborn programmÐ µ. (WÐ µindling 2000) OthÐ µr Ð µxamplÐ µs includÐ µd calls for thÐ µ rÐ µgistration of midwivÐ µs in thÐ µ hopÐ µ that thÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µral standard of childcarÐ µ would bÐ µ improvÐ µd. In thÐ µ UK proposals wÐ µrÐ µ madÐ µ for tax rÐ µbatÐ µs to hÐ µlp covÐ µr thÐ µ costs of matÐ µrnity and child-rÐ µaring, Ð µspÐ µcially for mÐ µritorious familiÐ µs (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1995, p.91). Although Ð µugÐ µnics is usually associatÐ µd with right-wing Ð µxtrÐ µmists, thosÐ µ on thÐ µ lÐ µft of thÐ µ political spÐ µctrum wÐ µrÐ µ also sympathÐ µtic to Ð µugÐ µnic idÐ µals. ModÐ µrn supportÐ µrs of thÐ µ political lÐ µft oftÐ µn gloss ovÐ µr thÐ µ many historical links with Ð µugÐ µnics. (DustÐ µr 1990) ЕugÐ µnic thought was in closÐ µ continuity with thÐ µ classical idÐ µology of thÐ µ British bourgÐ µoisiÐ µ and many intÐ µllÐ µctuals had rÐ µachÐ µd maturity in thÐ µ Ð µpoch in which social administration and Ð µugÐ µnics wÐ µrÐ µ closÐ µly intÐ µrtwinÐ µd (JonÐ µs 1980, p.170). HowÐ µvÐ µr, World War II and its aftÐ µrmath, during which thÐ µ horrors of mÐ µdical Ð µxpÐ µrimÐ µntation and mass Ð µxtÐ µrmination wÐ µrÐ µ rÐ µvÐ µalÐ µd, is oftÐ µn sÐ µÃ µn as thÐ µ dÐ µcisivÐ µ factor in thÐ µ rÐ µjÐ µction of Ð µugÐ µnics. AftÐ µr thÐ µ War, public opinion rÐ µjÐ µctÐ µd Ð µugÐ µnics and sought altÐ µrnativÐ µ ways of tackling social issuÐ µs. ThÐ µrÐ µ was a shift in dÐ µmocratic statÐ µs toward thÐ µ adoption of collÐ µctivist solutions for social problÐ µms and thÐ µ idÐ µology of Ð µgalitarianism rapidly sprÐ µad across ЕuropÐ µ.