Cubism Expressionism Essay - 668 Words

In this paper I will be comparing the expressionist art movement with the cubist art movement. I will discuss some of the artists that made these movements a stepping-stone for the other movement that followed. I will look at Picasso and Kandinsky to name a couple. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Expressionism, which began in 1905, was the term used for early 20th century art that conveyed emotional and spiritual preoccupations of the artist, using a variety of styles and subject matter (Arnason 124). These expressionist artists built on techniques of the post-impressionist movement; they generally relied on simple and powerful shapes that were direct and sometimes crude expression (Arnason 124). All this was to heighten the emotional†¦show more content†¦Born in Moscow 1866, he studied law at the University of Moscow, and declined a professorship to be able to go and study painting (Arnason 134). History of Modern Art textbook says that he always had devoted much time to the questions between music and art (135). When you look at Kandinsky’s works, it seems that the strokes he made had a rhythmic lines, and colors to them. Picasso on the other, want you see is just all kinds of different size shapes mixing together. When I look at Picasso cubist work I tend to not be able to tell what it was he was looking at when he painted. If I don’t read the titles of some of his works I would have never known it to be that. Pablo Picasso was born in Spain in 1881. He achieved legendary status within his timelife, in which his career dominated three-quarters of the century (Arnason 155). He studied art since he was a child. His father being a painter I bet must have helped bit. But he did become rebellious against his father (Arnason 158). He continued to paint and had one of his paintings selected to be hung in Paris in an exposition (Arnason 158). Braque was also associated with the cubism period. For he met Pablo Picasso in 1907 who had studied works of Cezanne and had also been fascinated with the Demoiselles. Braque worked very close to Picasso that their works resemble each others so much that I cannot differentiate them when they were in the analytic cubism periodShow MoreRelatedModernist Modernism : High Modernism Vs. Low Modernism1944 Words   |  8 Pageswhy some became so influential. High modernism was avant-garde or very experimental, being much more abstract to both traditional works and Low modernism. High modernism had high intellectual ideas, in which the movements strived towards such as expressionism which projected the world in a distorted reality to express emotional experiences rather than a physical reality. In ‘Modernism 1914- 1939: Designing a new world’ it says how [high] modernism was not a conceived style but rather a collection ofRead MoreAfricas Influence on Western Art Essay1858 Words   |  8 Pages1907. 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To add, the use of very directional/graphic arrows pointing upwards and outwardly,Read MoreKazimir Malevich As A Modernist719 Words   |  3 Pagespainter and art theorist, living at the turn o f the 19th and 20th centuries. He became the creator of a breakthrough artistic style called suprematism. Malevich studied drawing in Kiev and Moscow, thus he became strongly influenced by Russian Cubism, Expressionism and post-Impressionism. Avant-garde is a term used to describe achievements that go beyond generally accepted schema and simple classification. The feature of the avant-garde creator is pioneering, cutting off from history, and the searchRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of The Mind And Behavior Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagesartists of this time focused more on creating an experience, opposed to describing one. Their creations were devised abstract, â€Å"stripped down† styles (Fiero, pg. 394.) There were many different artists and forms of art that emerged during this time. Cubism, first started by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, was unlike traditional still-lifes, landscapes, or portrait paintings (Fiero, pg. 395.) Cubist paintings aren’t meant to be realistic or life-like in any way. Instead, after looking at the subjectRead MorePaul Klee Biography Essay606 Words   |  3 Pages His parents pushed music in their household however the rebellious Paul viewed music of the time as â€Å"meaningless† and stuck to the path of drawing and art. Paul Klee’s artwork was heavily influenced by movements in art that included expressionism, futurism, cubism, and surrealism. 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Cà ©zannes blocky figures and his use of color to build and unify a composition inspired Spanish artist Pablo Picasso and French artist Georges Braque in their development of cubism. Postimpressionisms most significant legacy is a change in attitude toward art making. By placing more value on the artists response to nature than on efforts to represent natures appearance, postimpressionists created the basis for many of theRead MoreBiography Of Pablo Picasso ( 1881-1973 )1056 Words   |  5 Pagesduring this time was â€Å"The Death of Casagemas.† Later during this period â€Å"The Old Guitarist† became relevant also. Picasso art themes throughout many decades were about human struggles, mortality and pain. Although Picasso was known mainly for the Cubism period. He was the fore runner of many other periods throughout his work span. The Blue Period (1901-1904) was a penetration of the color blue and later this color dominated Picasso’s palette. Picassos’ Blue Period â€Å"consists of somber paintingsRead MoreEssay on Roy Lichtenstein893 Words   |  4 Pages In 1969 he was given a retrospective at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York. His career as an artist mainly started in 1951, he usually painted cowboys and Indians in various modern art styles. In 1957 he tried his hand at Abstract Expressionism. What he is famous for though is his works based on comic strips. This all began with a painting he made of Mickey Mouse in 1960 for his children. By 1961 Lichtenstein was completely dedicated to the making of art from mass-produced, merchandising

Color blind by the Counting Crows Essay - 1030 Words

I am colorblind Coffee black and egg white Pull me out from inside I am ready (repeat 3 times) I am taffy stuck and tongue tied Stutter shook and uptight Pull me out from inside I am ready (repeat 3 times) I am fine I am covered in skin No one gets to come in Pull me out from inside I am folded and unfolded and unfolding I am colorblind Coffee black and egg white Pull me out from inside I am ready (repeat 3 times) I am fine (repeat 3 times) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The song â€Å"Colorblind† by The Counting Crows nothing less than perfect for the scene it was chosen for in the film â€Å"Cruel Intentions†. It was played was one of the film’s main characters lost her virginity to another character. Though it was a†¦show more content†¦A taffy is a relatively sticky substance. This a clear representation of how stuck he is in terms of his ambivalent feelings towards letting go of the pains of the past in order to enjoy the potential happiness of the future. â€Å"Tongue-tied† is a phrase frequently associated with the feeling of confusion, and there is no better phrase for the situation. â€Å"Stutter shook† is exactly what it sounds like. It is an indication of how shook up by the situation the writer is. Uptight is also has a direct meaning in the sense of his general apprehension towards the situation. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The following four lines are repetition of previous lines and generally have the same meaning behind them. quot;I am covered my skin, / No one gets to come in, / Pull me out from insidequot;(10-12); these three lines by far has to be the most touching part of the song. It is actually sort of self explanatory in a sense. By saying he is covered in skin it is analogous to having a wall of defense up that no one can penetrate, hence the next line â€Å"No one gets to come in† (12). The next line, â€Å"I am folded and unfolded and unfolding† (13). This shows that he has decided to open up and shed the pain of the past and move on. The next lines are simply repetition and have the same meaning as previously explained. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are several poetic elements within the context of this song. Most notably is the most common poetic elementShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesAction Plans 59 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 80 Key Terms 80 81 HRM Workshop Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 81 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 81 Case Application 3-A: Diversity Is the New Color This Year 81 Case Application 3-B: When Oversight Fails 81 Working with a Team: What’s Your Perception? 82 Learning an HRM Skill: Investigating a Harassment Complaint 82 Enhancing Your Communication Skills 83 DID YOU KNOW?: Suggestions for RecruitingRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesor only of a sub-conclusion on the way to the final conclusion? Its safe to conclude that all the patients given the AIDS antidote now have red hair. Remember, Janelle had red hair before the experiment, and there has been no change in her hair color; Rudy has fairly red hair; and Sams hair has now changed to red, hasnt it? So, all three have red hair. But these three are the only patients that were given the AIDS antidote. ────27 Descriptions and Explanations Critical thinkers need toRead MoreAutobilography of Zlatan Ibrahimovic116934 Words   |  468 Pagessays what he wants. I like him. He s the leader of an army. But he also cares. He was sending me text messages all the time in Inter asking how I was feeling. He s the opposite of Guardiola. If Mourinho lights up a room, Guardiola pulls the blinds. I guess Guardiola now tried to measure up to him. It s not Mourinho we are facing. It s Inter, he said, like we thought we d play ball with the coach. And then he pulled his philosophy crap. I was barely listening. Why would I? It was advanced

Charlotte Bronte Essay Example For Students

Charlotte Bronte Essay In her poem Stanzas, author Charlotte Bronte employs the literary devices of imagery, mood, and repetition in order to successfully add depth and meaning. These instruments are aided by careful and skillful word choice as well as by other literary tools such as alliteration and assonance. Together, these devices work together to produce a complex and masterful collection of verse and thus fulfill the authors intentions of creating a thought-provoking and meaningful piece. In this piece, mood is used to develop greater intensity and complexity through its establishment and subsequent shifts in character. The author uses carefully chosen words and phrases in both the creation of the desired sentiment and in the introduction of modifications in its nature. The mood changes several times throughout the poem, and each variation is skillfully planned and implemented through the use of imagery and diction. The composition begins in a soft and soothing mood with the use of words like calm, placid, serene, and sweet. Imagery of this same nature is exemplified in phrases regarding heaven, summer, and soft and golden light in the second and third stanzas, and again in the fifth stanza with sunset soft and moonlight mild. This smooth and mellow ambiance is also established by the use of alliteration in the first stanza with the words days decline, and again in the third stanza with the phrases breezeless boughs and birds belated. A shift in the mood of the poem occurs in the third stanza, along with a change in the lighting; as dusk falls, the mood of the poem becomes more somber, but is still soothing and mellow. This more depressed feel is created through the authors use of words like gloom, silent, and breezeless. These terms invoke images of loneliness and emptiness and thus successfully establish a more melancholy sentiment. However, towards the end of this third stanza the mood is again uplifted with the imagery describing a soft and golden light and unclouded sky, which continues throughout the fourth stanza until it is abruptly shifted again with the use of an exclamation point at the end of the last line. This punctuation creates a break in the smoothness of the piece, and allows for the introduction of a more passionate and distressed tone in the beginning of the following stanza. Word choice and description again play an integral role in the development of such a mood, and words like longing and pain invoke thoughts of anguish and unrequited emotion until the originally calm mood is more or less restored in the last six lines. In the sixth stanza, a more intense and anguished mood is again created through the use of diction like strong, rapture, throb, and through imagery like transient flower and deaths congealing power. The pinnacle of intensity and urgency is reached in the final stanza, its establishment solidified with phrases including dying hour, lifes expiring breath, and forehead cold in death. However, the preceding soft and tranquil mood is abruptly established once again in the last four lines with the use of the expressions sound my sleep, heart should beat, and one pulse. Diction also plays a role in the recreation of this tone, as the words sweet and true also add to its restoration. This final shift in mood brings the piece back to its original quality and feeling, which provides it with a continuous flow and constant nature.

The Anti-Pornography Feminist Movement Essays -

The Anti-Pornography Feminist Movement The Anti-Pornography Feminist Movement ?I don't need statistics to tell me that there is a relationship between pornography and real violence. My body remembers.? This chilling testimony from a female rape victim to a grand jury in 1983 represents the evils that pornography represents in the United States. There are strong correlations between sex crimes and pornography that have divided feminists over whether free speech is worth the sheer magnitude of sex-crime victims. Free speech is protected by the First Amendment and most people have differing views on its meaning. One thing that cannot be ignored is the fact that 90% of sexual offenders have used pornography ?frequently.? I believe that the anti-pornography movement is not only just, but essential. I would like to explore various aspects of the anti-pornography movement including the history, players, rhetoric and the impact. I believe that shedding light on the ways that pornography effects human beings, we will feel differently about the ?freedom of speech.? In the 1960's and 1970's, debates over pornography mirrored the counter-culture's battle with conservative values. The 1969 case Stanley v. Georgia, ?community standards? were challenged and the court upheld the civil rights for consumers to possess pornography in their homes. However, the 1970's brought about the VCR and feminists began to redefine pornography to explore the impact of the porn industry on women and their place in society. Though many feminists were frightened by the prospect that they may be working hand in hand with conservatives to regulate this practice, many women jumped to action when new surveys and statistics were revealed about pornography and women. To most of these women, the immorality was not the sexual content, but its violation of a woman's dignity, a lie about who women are and what they want. Out of these theories, writers like Andrea Dworkin, Catherine MacKinnon and Dr. Diana Russell founded and encouraged many anti-porn groups around the country. Though movements against pornography had existed prior to feminist anti-pornography groups, they were previously conservative or moral majority inspired. Then came groups such as the Anti-Porn Feminists (APFEM) and the Women Against Violence in Pornography in the Media (WAVPM). These groups had limited following because of the feminist ideology of freedom of speech and expression. Due to this lack of agreement on terms and standards, the supporters have never been centralized. Supporters may be varied and polarized but most believe that there is a real problem and there must be suitable action. The reason that this movement exists are due to findings of surveys and studies as well as testimony of women who have suffered from pornography at one time or another. The studies are varied and numerous. To provide examples of these surveys I would like to illustrate the findings of several of them. The first finding comes from a 1983 study by Edward Donnerstein. He polled male high-school and college students on 37 states and came to the following conclusion. 25% to 30% of male students who admit that there is some likelihood that they would rape a woman if the could be assured of getting away with it, increases to 57% after exposure to sexually violent images depicting women enjoying rape. This means that as a result of one brief exposure to pornography, the number of males who are willing to consider rape as a plausible act for them actually doubles. On such brief exposure to pornography also increases male subjects' acceptance of rape myths and interpersonal violence against women. This essentially means that porn viewers have lower inhibitions than exist in the absence of pornography. They are more likely to act out violent desires and fantasies including submissive and domination sex. This evidence is overwhelmingly supported by a follow-up study from an independent source. Larry Baron and Murray Straus undertook a 50-state correlation analysis in1984 about the rates of rape as they relate to pornographic magazines. The eight pornographic magazines with the highest circulation are Playboy, Penthouse, Chic, Forum, Gallery, Genesis, Oui and Hustler. A highly significant correlation was found between the reported rape rates and the readership of pornographic materials. According to the findings, a ratio of +64% was found in men who read pornographic material that those who had little or no exposure. However, out of this survey came more shocking results. The levels of rape were higher in regions that had few or no laws governing the sales and distribution of pornographic material. This is evidence that legal intervention may be directly related to rape in an

Essay on Fathers Parent and Fathers

Essay on Fathers Parent and Fathers Essay on Fathers: Parent and Fathers Explain how services/settings can support young fathers to engage with their children’s needs and development Settings such as day nurseries, schools or playgroups can Offer opportunities for fathers to be involved in a setting by suggesting they engage with the setting in more traditionally male roles - Fathers leading football or sports sessions, demonstrating building skills, supporting children to do the gardening are all ways that engage fathers in a role that both fathers and other mothers feel comfortable in seeing them in. Culturally diverse fathers might have skills to share in addition to this, cooking curry with the children as most Indian chefs are men, or cultural activities that we are yet unaware of that could be incorporated into the curriculum through planning topics that are culturally relevant. Once young Fathers are in schools or other settings and see the advantages of their involvement in supporting their child’s academic achievements and social needs being met they may be happier to engage with the setting and their children in other ways. Parent partnership or liaison committees are another good way of encouraging fathers’ involvement, especially if it is seen as a more business supportive role, as the fathers feel they can offer support in an area that might be their expertise- accounts, marketing etc. This type of group, however, might not attract some cultural fathers if there is a language barrier but for other cultures such as like eastern Asian this might be seen as a very good opportunity. Having social meetings like family fun days, where both parents can attend, is another good way of encouraging Fathers’ participation. Often father feel more confident if they are in the setting with their partner as they can explain the routines and rules and introduce them to staff and other parents this then builds up their confidence to attend alone. Once they are involved in the setting will hopefully become more involved in their children’s needs and learning in other ways. Services such as children’s centre’s can engage with young fathers by running classes specifically designed to support young fathers where they can meet other young fathers and make relationships with them as well as learn skills. ‘Ladz to Dads’ and ‘Sat Dad’

Double Standard Of Masculinity In Gender Role Soci Essays - Gender

Double Standard Of Masculinity In Gender Role Soci Essays - Gender Double Standard Of Masculinity In Gender Role Socialization Double Standard of Masculinity in Gender Role Socialization Masculinity is a topic that has been debated in our society extensively, through research as well as in informal settings. Many wonder what it means to be masculine, and if we can really assign a definition to such a subjective term. After all, shouldn't one's own perception be the determinant of what constitutes masculinity? This self-construction would be the ideal in our society, but unfortunately, it represents a false belief. Masculinity has certain characteristics assigned to it by our culture. In this paper I will explore the many facets of masculinity and demonstrate how certain beliefs pertaining to it are perpetuated in our society. I will also uncover many of the contradictions between society's assigned definition of masculinity and the expectation that males will somehow learn how to act contrary to that assigned and learned meaning. Definition of Masculinity Men are primarily and secondarily socialized into believing certain characteristics are definitive in determining their manliness and masculinity. These characteristics range from not crying when they get hurt to being and playing violently. The socialization of masculinity in our society begins as early as the first stages of infancy. A child's burgeoning sense of self or self-concept is a result of the multitude of ideas, attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs to which he is exposed (Witt 1997). Later in this paper the question of whether there are genetic factors will be discussed. However, to further my argument at this point, I will discuss masculinity as it is socially defined. From the outset of a boy's life he is socialized into the belief that he should be 'tough'. Often when boys get hurt, 'scrape their knee', or come whimpering to their mother or father, the fated words, Little boys don't cry, issue forth. Children internalize parental messages regarding gender at an early age, with awareness of adult sex role differences being found in two-year-old children. One study found that children at two and a half years of age use gender stereotypes in negotiating their world and are likely to generalize gender stereotypes to a variety of activities, objects, and occupations (Witt 1997). This legitimization teaches males that boys and men are not allowed to cry. There also exists the belief that boys are often required to do 'men's work' outside of the home such as mowing the lawn, cleaning the garage, etc., and not 'sissy women's work' such as cooking and cleaning, etc. Other factors help to perpetuate certain standards expected of men and boys (Stearns 1990). The violence boy's witness on television further legitimates this belief. Katz explains that advertising imagery equates masculinity with violence. For boys this means aggression is instrumental in that it enables them to establish their masculinity (Katz 1995). Lee Bowker researched the influence advertisements have on youth. He asserts that toy advertisements featuring only boys depict aggressive behavior. Strangely, the aggressive behavior generally results in positive consequences more often than negative. Bowker also looked at commercials with boys that contain references to domination. The results of all the commercials indicate that 68.6% of the commercials positioned toward boys contain incidents of verbal and physical aggression. There was no cross?gender display of aggressive behavior. Interestingly, not one single-sex commercial featuring girls shows any act of aggression (Bowker 1998). This research helps explain that it is not just the reinforcement of close caretakers t o the child that legitimate masculinity but society as a whole (using the television as a symbol of society and it's desires). Another example of how this can be reinforced even by women who may or may not be trying to promulgate such a belief is with an experience I had growing up: When I would get a cut or a bruise, I would muster up all the strength I had to not cry. I feared that if I cried I wouldn't be worthy of being a tough kid. On one occasion I had a severe cut in my knee that required several stitches. When I took a look at the wound after rolling up my pant leg, my first inclination was to break out crying. However, at that moment my teacher told me what a

Managing Entrepreneurial Enterprises' Written Report Essay

Managing Entrepreneurial Enterprises' Written Report - Essay Example The market is currently experiencing a 2.1 percent, stable annual growth rate and provides $8 billion in annual revenues across Australia. The market potential consists of approximately 591,000 potential customers, which is roughly 30 percent of the entire regional population in South East Queensland. It is a favourable market based on cultural characteristics found within the homogenous Australian culture and one where ample opportunities for commercial development in a highly-saturated region with many resource-capable target customer groups. To ensure competitive success, the business must focus on brand-building, promotion and establishment of a human-centric leadership model of human resources to gain commitment and establish a dedicated, cohesive organisational culture that will provide legitimate excellence in service. Relationship development between AAB and the client markets are critical for ensuring competitive success in a market environment where many products are easily replicated by other consulting firms. Financing will occur utilising traditional banking systems, on medium-term loan generation, requiring monthly payback. This strategy is most appropriate for a small-sized company unable to procure adequate capital through stock issuance and where start-up costs are not substantial to ensure proper capital expenditures for many different tangible assets. The monthly break-even, as aligned with expected sales volumes for each variety of sales packages provided to customers, supports medium-term financing in this capacity. Australian Acumen Brokers Consulting (AAB) is a small business designed to offer corporate and small business clients advice and opportunities to improve their marketing positioning and brand visibility. Many businesses operating in multiple industries lack the resources and or management capital necessary to establish recognised brand identities among competition and often do not

Multicultrual Teaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Multicultrual Teaching - Essay Example This is because those who are recognized as the minorities within the nation have far exceeded the once perceived majority of the whites. For example: during the period of 2006, around four states of United States were experience a majority of the minority population including the 75% of the minority that that were residing in the area of Hawai’I (Landis, 2012, p.22). Due to this change in the structure of the population, organizations from different industries need to accept diversity in order to operate successfully and benefit from elements that come with such a diverse population size. Multicultural societies experience immense challenges and these challenges are even experienced by teachers in the educational institutes of United States. Teachers in these educational institutes need to be culturally competent in order to cater to the needs of a diverse population of student. Cultural competency refers to an individual’s ability to deal with people from different cultures. In order to become culturally competent, teachers in the United States need to undergo training and develop knowledge, skills and abilities that are necessary to teach a multicultural class room. Culturally competent teachers are those who realize the differences in cultures of students and then design their teaching patterns accordingly to help students from different backgrounds in gaining better understanding of what is being taught. They need to accept and respect the differences among these students in order to provide them with facilities which help them learn. In order to teach a multicultural classroom, teachers need to implement various strategies in order to remove the barriers created by multiculturalism and to promote learning and development of all at the same time. In order to teach a multicultural classroom, teachers need to provide team based assignments comprising of team members

Determining sample size Essay Example for Free

Determining sample size Essay Another five days of data was collected to add to the first 10 days of data having a total of 15 days of observation. The following are the text thread data obtained for a total of 15 days. A larger sample is now present for the analysis of the text thread that I have for 15 days. A large sample is really important in statistics. As the sample become larger, the data will approach the data of the whole population. The data will become as close to the real data (Israel, 2009). For example, the mean number of hours at work for the population of workers in United States is 8 hours. The sample mean of 50 workers 7. 5 hours. As the sample size increases, it is possible that the sample mean will become closer to the mean of the population. In this case, why should one use samples instead of the population? Or, why use large samples instead? Certain reasons are given to support the use of samples instead of very large samples or the population itself. One of the common reasons is population are sometimes infinite. When one speaks of infinite population, it means that one cannot actually count the total number of the members of the population. Another reason is time constraints; one cannot collect data for a very large sample or the whole population because there are certain time limitations. After having 15 samples, the mean for the 15 text threads were computed. The mean obtained from the 15 sample is 8. 2 threads per day. The mean for the 15 sample is less than the mean obtained for the data when there are only 10 observations included in the sample. The current sample of 15 observations is still insufficient in order to conclude something from the population. One still cannot determine whether the sample is already sufficient. Sufficient sample size can be determined through formula and different assessments such as the precision, confidence and variability a person wants on his sample. Nevertheless, as long as it is not the population itself, any kind of samples will still have an uncertainty associated in it; the uncertainty associated with the sample is called the sampling error. The smaller the sampling error, the better the sample size one has obtained (US Census Bureau, n. d. ). Reference Israel, G. (2009). Determining sample size. Retrieved August 20, 2010 from http://edis. ifas. ufl. edu/pd006. US Census Bureau. (n. d. ). Things that may affect estimates from the American community survey. Retrieved August 20, 2010 from www. census. gov/acs/www/Downloads/ACS_Affect_Est. ppt.

Women in Harry Crewss A Feast of Snakes Essay -- Literary Analysis

It is known by many that, in regards to literature coming out of the South, female characters traditionally do not receive as much attention or detail as their male counterparts. Harry Crews does not, as one might say, â€Å"stray far from the path† of male dominated prose. However, this is not to say that there are only few women present in his writing, in fact quite the contrary. Women are not only present in Crews’s work, they are vividly entwined with the experiences and fiery outcomes of his male protagonist’s journeys; and A Feast of Snakes is no different. In â€Å"Having a Hard Time of it: Women in the Novels of Harry Crews,† an essay written by Elise S. Lake, Lake examines that even though some may interpret Crews as using women strictly in disrespectful or obscene ways for the advancement of his male characters, that â€Å"sheer variety disputes the notion that Crews stereotypes women narrowly† (84). We see a multitude of angles and p ersonalities in A Feast of Snakes alone, including: Lottie Mae and Beeder acting as an empathy release valve; the abused wife, Elfie; the ultimate cheerleader/ catalyst, Berenice; and finally the vicious sexual icons Hard Candy and Susan Gender. Probably the two utmost, one dimensional characters in A Feast of Snakes are Hard Candy Sweet and Susan Gender. These two are present in the story solely to be viewed as sexual icons. In the essay â€Å"Crews’s Women,† by Patricia V. Beatty, Beatty examines that â€Å"they are empty and vacuous, like Barbie dolls run wild. The men in A Feast of Snakes do not really perceive them as threats, but only as convenient sexual objects† (119). Their ways of making love are aggressive and, in Hard Candy’s case, is compared to the roughness of playing football. Even within ... ...nd abused wife, Elfie, but in the adjacent corner we find empathy in Lottie Mae and Beeder making sure the story does not become too one sided. At the same time we see Hard Candy and Susan Gender keeping the Southern plot moving with sex and a little violence. Elise S. Lake explains in â€Å"Having a Hard Time of it: Women in the Novels of Harry Crews† that â€Å"for most of Crews’s characters, hopes are unrealized, goals are unattained. Success is illusory, and self-determination is elusive for both men and women† (93). Being a Southern writer himself, Crews’s work is inevitably going to have some questionable views regarding the opposite gender, race, and class. This is what Southern Masculinity is. And to be able to plunge head first into a not-so-obvious aspect of this kind of writing and somehow come out smelling like roses; it is no easy task to say the least.

My Goal in Life Essay

At the age of 8 we change our minds about what we want to do when we grow up about every week. At the 18 and a few months away from graduating some of us still don’t know what we want to do or where we want to go in life. Excluding all of those soon to be high school graduates, I already know what I want to do after high and know where I want to go. Since the age of 10, I’ve always dreamt of being a police officer. I cant see myself doing anything other than patrolling the streets and keeping people safe. After graduating high school, Im going to go to college for at least four years. When my four years is done and after I turn twenty-one, I’m going to join the police academy. Im going to work hard and do whatever it takes to get in and pass all my tests. My goal is to be the best police office on the force. When the time comes after a couple years of patrolling, I would love to work my way up to be a special agent or maybe even be a member of the SWAT team. I know a lot of people may doubt me and a lot of people may say, â€Å"A little girl like you can’t do a job like that.† but I will prove them wrong. I want to be able to say â€Å"I did it† instead of â€Å"I tried,† Failing is not an option, the key is to never give up and push yourself as far as you can go.

Inflation in Bangladesh Essay

1. Introduction Inflation is a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money. â€Å"Too much money in circulation causes the money to lose value†-this is the true meaning of inflation. What is Inflation. The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and, subsequently, purchasing power is falling. Central banks attempt to stop severe inflation, along with severe deflation, in an attempt to keep the excessive growth of prices to a minimum. (Investopedia) a. Kinds of Inflation Inflation means a sustained increase in the general price level. However, this increase in the cost of living can be caused by different factors. There are many types of inflation but the main two types of inflation are; 1. Demand pull inflation: This occurs when the economy grows quickly and starts to ‘overheat’ Aggregate demand (AD) will be increasing faster than aggregate supply (LRAS). 2. Cost push inflation: This occurs when there is a rise in the price of raw materials, higher taxes, etc. 1..Demand Pull Inflation This occurs when AD increases at a faster rate than AS. Demand pull inflation will typically occur when the economy is growing faster than the long run trend rate of growth. If demand exceeds supply, firms will respond by pushing up prices. Simple diagram showing demand-pull inflation The UK experienced demand pull inflation during the Lawson boom of the late 1980s. Fuelled by rising house prices, high consumer confidence and tax cuts, the economy was growing by 5% a year, but this caused supply bottlenecks and firms responded by increasing prices. This graph shows inflation and economic growth in the UK during the 1980s. High growth in 1987, 1988 of 4-5% caused an increase in the inflation rate. It was only when the economy went into recession in 1990 and 1991 that we saw a fall in the inflation rate. 2..Cost Push Inflation This occurs when there is an increase in the cost of production for firms causing aggregate supply to shift to the left. Cost push inflation could be caused by rising energy and commodity prices. Simple Diagram showing cost push inflation. 3. Wage Push Inflation Rising wages tend to cause inflation. In effect this is a combination of demand pull and cost push inflation. Rising wages increase cost for firms and so these are passed onto consumers in the form of higher prices. Also rising wages give consumers greater disposable income and therefore cause increased consumption and AD. In the 1970s, trades unions were powerful in the UK. This helped cause rising nominal wages; this was a significant factor in causing inflation. 4. Imported Inflation. Depreciation in the exchange rate will make imports more expensive. Therefore, the prices will increase solely due to this exchange rate effect. A depreciation will also make exports more competitive so will increase demand. 5. Temporary Factors. The inflation rate can also increase due to temporary factors such as increasing indirect taxes. If you increase VAT rate from 17.5% to 20%, all goods which are VAT applicable will be 2.5% more expensive. However, this price rise will only last a year. It is not a permanent effect. 6. Core Inflation One measure of inflation is known as ‘core inflation’.This is the inflation rate that excludes temporary ‘volatile’ factors, such as energy and food prices. The graph below shows inflation in the EU. The headline inflation rate (HICP) is more volatile rising to 4% in 2008, and then falling to -0.5% in 2009. However, the core inflation (HCIP – energy, food, alcoholand tobacco) is more constant. b. People who are being affected by inflation Macro Economic Effect in Bangladesh: The inflationary situationin Bangladesh is on the rising trend, especially since August 2009, primarily owing to the soaring increase in food prices. The food price hike has accelerated the general inflation rate in the country. If the food price level rises at an existing rate of 1.31 percent per month and if adequate anti inflationary measures are not taken, the overall general inflation might touch a „double digit figure‟. Impact on women and children In Bangladesh, of total 143.91 million population, 69.81 million are women, reflecting 48.5 per cent of totalpopulation. About 86 per cent of women in Bangladesh live in rural areas. Between 2005 and 2006, total femalelabourforce accounts for 12.1 million, of them 2.8 million live in the urban area while 9.3 million in the rural area.In rural areas, they take part in economic activities and earn income through cattle rearing, gardening, poultry etc.About 80 per cent of workers in total labour force are women in the RMG sector. They work at a low rate of wagewhile 26 per cent of female workers earn less thanTk3000 only. Only 3.7 per cent of female workers earn morethanTk 5,000. With the low income and rising price of essentials, it has become very difficult for these women to provide their families with the basic requirements. 1. Increasing prices of foods reduces the real income of households thereby rationing spending on children’s schooling. This as a consequence is likely to reduce the literacy rate among girls in near future. The evidences suggest that in Bangladesh, it is the female children who are firstly taken out of schools if the family is in financial setback. 2. As education, skills and knowledge influence women’s status in the society and at home, they loose their bargaining power thereby their ability to take part in the decision making process shrink eventually. 3. There is a greater disparity in nutrition intake among men and women. Men consume more nutrients than women. The female members in households especially in rural areas take their meals after their male members and children. Studies suggest that it is one  of the main reasons of early childhood malnutrition. 4. Moreover there are many other factors that can be attributed to the maternal nutritional factors, for example, low birth weight of infants, infant mortality etc. 5. In recent years the rise in the price of baby foods has made it difficult for households to provide theirchildren with required nutrition. This is evident even among the middle income groups. According to a government report, the prices of baby food and powdered milk have risen by 30 to 38 per cent over theyear 2006 and 2007. The inability of families to provide proper nutrition for the children may result in undernourishment of children which contributes to increasing child mortality. 6. In Bangladesh, women are subject to violence in the society. Due to rise in the price of food and other essentials, as income of the family falls, tension rises within households and the women are often subject to violence by the male members of the family. 7. It is a common phenomenon that women take the role to provide food and nourishment to the members of family by arranging and preparing food. As a result, they have to bear the burden of rise in the price of food. Inflation erodes income of the poor One obvious consequence of inflation is the erosion of real income of the people resulting from the general increasein prices. The burden of income loss, however, differs across different income groups. No doubt, the householdgroups who are employed in the formal sector and whose salaries/wages are fixed in nominal terms and are re-fixedperiodically are the worst sufferers. The same is true for those employees in the informal sector who have incomefixed in nominal terms. In Bangladesh, a major concern, however, is the inflation-induced loss of real income ofthe poor. Food Inflation Raises Poverty and Inequality Food inflation has a profound nexus with poverty and inequality. Food inflation hits the poor hardest since their purchasing power decreases due to the erosion in real income. From the economics theory, when the real wage decreases demand for labor increases. Therefore, the employment should rise  since there is a tradeoffbetween inflation and unemployment. The result depends on whether the employment effect of inflation outweighs the real wage effect on poverty. But theBangladesh empirical data indicates that the real wage effect on poverty outweighs the employment effect of inflation There exists a positive relationship between food inflation and poverty. . Affect on saving & Investment: Excess inflation has its negative impact on savings and investment. Impact on savings has its direct reflection in the area of investment. Investment, both domestic and foreign, is essential for Bangladesh and it is important for growth and economic development. Affect on invertors: An unfavorable and unpredictable movement of inflation often creates lack of confidence among the investors. Many potential investments face bleak prospect and avoid the game of facing risk and uncertainty. Affect on bank& other financial intermediary: Inflation has its implications for the banking sector as well. Both for the banks and their customers inflation causes a reshuffle in the flow of activities. Rates of interest offered by the banks seem less attractive to the depositors. Bank lending has also a great role in the economy. In recent years there is an increasing trend of providing consumer credit by the banks. It will add to the demand side. But if itscontribution to the supplyside remains weak there will be alack of balance and the bankingindustry will face challenge. Other saving lending channels also face the same consequences from supply side to handle their investment demand. Affect on money supply: The challenge of central bank is to balance between growth and inflation. High inflation always put central bank under pressure to take contractionary monetary policy that might reduce growth. Mainly the people of middle class and poor are greatly affected by the higher inflation rate. A developing country like Bangladesh have higher inflation rate. It creates poor more poor and higher class of the society more higher. 2. Causes of Inflation In developing countries, in contrast, inflation is not a purely monetary phenomenon, but is often linked with fiscal imbalances and deficiencies in sound internal economic policies. Beside, factors typically related to fiscal imbalances such as higher money growth and exchange rate depreciation arising from a balance of payments crisis dominate the inflation process in developing countries. There were different schools of thought as to the causes of inflation. A. Quality theories of inflation The quality theory of inflation rests on the expectation of a seller accepting currency to be able to exchange that currency at a later time for goods that are desirable as a buyer. The quantity theory of inflation rests on the quantity equation of money that relates the money supply, its velocity, and the nominal value of exchanges. Adam Smith and David Hume proposed a quantity theory of inflation for money, and a quality theory of inflation for production After analyzing two theories of causes we have got here some physical cause to face which cover both theories depending on a number of factors. These are given below- B. Excess of money Inflation can happen when governments print an excess of money to deal with a crisis. As result, prices end up rising at an extremely high speed to keep up with the currency surplus. This is called the demand-pull, in which prices are forced upwards because of a high demand. C. Rise in production cost Another common cause of inflation is a rise in production costs, which leads to an increase in the price of the final product. For example, if raw  materials increase in price, this leads to the cost of production increasing, which in turn leads to the company increasing prices to maintain steady profits? Rising labor costs can also lead to inflation. As workers demand wage increases, companies usually chose to pass on those costs to their customers. D. International lending & national debt Inflation can also be caused by international lending and national debts. As nations borrow money, they have to deal with interests, which in the end cause prices to rise as a way of keeping up with their debts. A deep drop of the exchange rate can also result in inflation;as governments will have to deal with differences in the import/export level. E. Government taxes Finally, inflation can be caused by federal taxes put on consumer products such as cigarettes or fuel. As the taxes rise, suppliers often pass on the burden to the consumer; the catch, however, is that once prices have increased, they rarely go back, even if the taxes are later reduced. F. War Wars are often causing for inflation, as governments must both recoup the money spent and repay the funds borrowed from the central bank. War often affects everything from international trading to labor costs to product demand, so in the end it always produces a rising prices. 3. Measures of Inflation Control There are three measures to control the inflation. They are: General Policy of The Government Direct – Action Measures of The Government Other Measures 1. General Policy of the Government: Government follows three general policies to control the inflation such as – Fiscal Policy Monetary Policy Policy of Price Ceiling a. Fiscal Policy: If the government charges more tax on the goods then the particular product’s price will also be high. We will face price inflation. To Summarized issues relating to Deficit Budget: Financed by foreign assistance is dependence and uncertain, Financing by public, not inflationary, Borrowing from commercial banks not inflationary. Borrowing from Bangladesh Bank is inflationary Characteristics of Fiscal System in Bangladesh: Falling/Tax/GDP ratio, Tax base is narrow, Dominance of indirect tax, Customs + VAT (import) 50% of total tax Vulnerable to external fluctuations Growth in Non-development expenditure Heavy dependence on Foreign Aid Dependence on Deficit Financing No Far-sightedness b. Monetary Policy: Monetary policy is the main macro-economic policy formulated and implemented by the central bank. Bangladesh Bank has the authority to increase or decrease the volume of money in the economy and therefore, is responsible for formulating and implementing the monetary policy for the country. The wheel of development moves by taking forces from this policy. The aim of monetary policy is to keep inflation low and steady. Though, in a developing country like Bangladesh, the effectiveness of monetary policies is always uncertain, but effectiveness of these policies is treated as signal for policy makers. The Central Bank is the highest authority employed by the government for formulation of monetary policy to guide the economy in a certain country. Monetary policy is defined as the regulation of the money supply and interest rates by a central bank. Monetary policy also refers to how the central bank uses interest rates and the money supply to guide economic growth by controlling inflation and stabilizing currency. Like any other central bank, Bangladesh Bank is performing the role to formulate monetary policy in Bangladesh. The main objectives of monetary policy of  Bangladesh Bank are: †¢ Price stability both internal & external †¢ Sustainable growth & development †¢ High employment †¢ Economic and efficient use of resources †¢ Stability of financial & payment system Steps of the Monetary Policy: Restriction of broad money growth path Adjustment in cash reserve ratio (CRR) Statutory liquidity requirements (SLR) Restriction in the capital accounts Objectives of the Monetary Policy: The promotion of price stability GDP Growth Ensuring full or near full employment Supporting national and global economic and financial stability C. Policy of Price Ceiling: Price ceiling is a government policy whereby the government sets the maximum price of a product above which price is not allowed to rise further. Normally in a inflationary situation when prices will constantly be going high and high and tending to be going beyond the means of common people. Then government will implement price ceiling policy in order to protect the interest of the customers. Price Ceiling Control: Government must have to be ready to supply the required quantity of goods from its own production land and distribute product at its early declared price as per the requirement if any. Government will have to be ready to import the required quantity of goods under its own mechanism and distribute the product in the market accordingly. Government can ask the private entrepreneurs to import the required quantity of goods under their own management by offering them some attractive benefit packages such as decrease rate of interest, lower import cost, decrease tariff, non-stop support. Government can urge the countrymen to set up import substitute  industry with some attractive incentive schemes and can have the supply of required products for a long time basis. Government can supply the required quantity of goods from buffer stock created earlier by the government and sell the product in the market accordingly. 2. Direct Action Measure: It is an extreme measure. If the money supply increases, then to reduce inflation, Government can cease the money. 3. Other Measure: *Moral persuation: Convincing the consumer by the national leaders morally. They convince the public to consume less. *Government can urge the country man to restrict the consumerism. *Government can urge the business people to set the product at a reasonable price and restrict to sell at a high price. Limitation: In case of elastic demand such as baby food, that is not controlled by the consumer. 4. Effects of Inflation: All people will not be affected by inflation in the same way. Some will welcome it. Some people becomes upset and some acts indifferent. For the business people it will motive the entrepreneure and it is a good news for the producers. People who earn much, inflation is not a problem but who earn poor , they will be very much affected and their product consuming amount will be decreasing. General Effect An increase in the general level of prices implies a decrease in the purchasing power of the currency. That is, when the general level of prices rises, each monetary unit buys fewer goods and services. Increases in the price level (inflation) erode the real value of money (the functional currency) and other items with an underlying monetary nature (e.g. loans and bonds). For example if one takes a loan where the stated interest rate is 6% and the inflation rate is at 3%, the real interest rate that one are paying for the loan is 3%. It would also hold true that if one had a loan at a fixed interest rate of 6% and the inflation rate jumped to 20%one would have a real interest rate of -14%. Negative Effect High or unpredictable inflation rates are regarded as harmful to an overall economy. They add inefficiencies in the market, and make it difficult for companies to budget or plan long-term. Inflation can act as a drag on productivity as companies are forced to shift resources away from products and services in order to focus on profit and losses from currency inflation. Uncertainty about the future purchasing power of money discourages investment and saving and inflation can impose hidden tax increases. In case of international trade, higher inflation in one economy than another will cause the first economy’s exports to become more expensive and affect the balance of trade. Positive Effect Positive effects include ensuring central banks can adjust nominal interest rates (intended to mitigate recessions), and encouraging investment in non-monetary capital projects. It puts impact on Labor-market adjustments, Room to maneuver, Mundell-Tobin effect, Instability with Deflation etc. 5. Global Scenario of Inflation As an important worldwide phenomenon, global inflation varies largely, owing to the trend components of inflation as well as due the fluctuations arising in the frequencies of the commercial cycles. In 2013, the rate of global inflation is surprisingly low. Global economic prospects have improved, but the bumpy recovery and skewed macroeconomic policy mix in advanced economies are complicating policymaking in emerging market economies. Inflation was remarkably stable in the wake of the Great Recession and, in fact, has become less responsive to cyclical conditions. Today’s fast-growing, dynamic low-income countries are likely to maintain their momentum and avoid the reversals that afflicted many such countries in the past. Inflation expectations have remained strongly anchored to inflation targets during the Great Recession and the sluggish recovery. Long-term inflation expectations in advanced economies remain close to targets despite wide variation in actual inflation rates. Even in Japan, expectations remain close to the  1 percent target announced in February 2012 despite a prolonged period of deflation. Furthermore, coincident with greater central bank credibility, this anchoring is found to have increased over time. In the figure bellow the inflation rate of emerging, developed and BRIC countries are graphically shown: In 2013, we have seen that, South Sudan has the lowest inflation rate and Syria has the highest. In South Sudan, current inflation rate is -2.90 which was -8.80 in the previous year. The highest and the lowest inflation rates in the history of this country were 79.90 and -14.00 respectively. On the other hand, in Syria current inflation rate is 49.50 which was 49.90 in the previous year. The highest and the lowest inflation rates in the history of this country were 79.90 and -11.95 respectively. 6. Inflation in Bangladesh The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Bangladesh expanded 6.01 percent in the fiscal year 2012/2013 from the previous year. GDP Growth Rate in Bangladesh is reported by the Bangladesh Bank. From 1994 until 2013, Bangladesh GDP Growth Rate averaged 5.6 Percent reaching an all-time high of 6.7 Percent in June of 2011 and a record low of 4.1 Percent in June of 1994. Bangladesh is considered as a developing economy. Yet, almost one-third of Bangladesh’s 150m people live in extreme poverty. In the last decade, the country has recorded GDP growth rates above 5 percent due to development of microcredit and garment industry. Although three fifths of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, three quarters of exports revenues come from producing ready-made garments. The biggest obstacles to sustainable development in Bangladesh are overpopulation, poor infrastructure, corruption, political instability and a slow implementation of economic reforms. This page provides – Bangladesh GDP Growth Rate – actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news. 2014-04-05 Historical Trend Analysis The government introduced policy and institutional reforms encompassing the fiscal, financial, exchange rate, trade and industry, public resource management and public enterprise sectors. But some of those measures were not strongly pursued and some of the intended structural reforms were postponed. Monetary control in the initial years had appositive impact on the control of inflation. The regarded decision are taken below- To increase investible funds with the banks, the minimum cash reserve requirement and statutory liquidity requirement were reduced gradually from 8 and 23 per cent respectively on 25 April 1991 to 5 and 20 per cent respectively. This decision has reduced the inflation rate. In 1991 the lending rate was 14.99 which was high during 1992 but then it started tobe reduced at 14.39 (1993) and 12.22 at 1995. With the flexible use of the monetary instruments, broad money growth (Money Supply) was brought down from high rates of growth (14.1 percent) in the mid-1992to 10.6 per cent in June 1993 to reduce the rate of inflation. In the year 1995 government was thinking to increase the money supply which was brought to 16 percent for that reason inflation rate increased In the year 1995 government was thinking to increase the total domestic credit which was brought to 17.6 percent from 4.9 percent (1994). For this reason the inflation rate increased. In the year 1995 government liberalized Credit to the private sectors in fiscal year1995 by reducing lending rates including those in the three selected sectors of agriculture, exports, and small and cottage Industries had to be restrained due to the rise in price levels. For this reason inflation rate has increased With a view to ensuring an adequate flow of finance to productive sectors and to boosting economic activity, Bank ratewas gradually lowered from 9.8 per cent on30 June 1990 to 5.5 per cent on 3 March 1994 to control the inflation rate. On 24 March 1994 Bangladesh accepted the Article VIII obligations of the International Monetary Fund, a commitment to declare its currency convertible for current account transactions and liberalize exchange transactions on current account. Foreign exchange controls, which had constrained transactions for a longtime, were lifted for the majority of current account transactions. An interbank foreign exchange market has been established. The exchange rate policy is being managed flexibly so as to avoid appreciation of the real exchange rate and to maintain macroeconomic stability. Moderate economic growth and modest change in the wage index contributed to the relatively low  rate of inflation (i.e., lower than 5 per cent) in 1990-1994. Higher money supply growth and lower deposit rate in FY95 contributed to the comparatively higher inflation rates in 1995. In 1996 the lending rate was 13.41 which were accelerated to 14.16 in 1999. Supply shortages in the rural areas originating from political instability in FY96 and disruption due to floods in 1998 caused serious shortfall of food and also hampered all other agricultural production, which ultimately caused higher inflation rates in1996, 1998 & 1999. A lower growth rate, because of lower production and relatively higher depreciation of the exchange rate due to food imports, also contributed to the higher inflation rate in the flood affected years. Larger depreciation of the exchange rate has accelerated the inflation rate 2.79(2002) to 4.38 (2004). Exchange rate might have played a significant role in causing inflation in 2005-2006 because of the introduction of flexible exchange rate regime since May 2003. A higher growth of money supply (13.84 at 2004 to 19.51 at 2006) added a lot to inflation in 2005-2006 In 2001 the lending rate was 13.75 which were lowered to 10.93 in 2005. In 2001-2006 high inflation in food (more than 5 percent) sector at international market was so much responsible for the fluctuation of inflation. Typically import occupies a significant place in the Bangladesh economy, accounting for as high as above 20 percent or more of GDP in FY06. At the margin, most of the essential food items (for example, sugar, rice, wheat, onion and edible oil) and, more generally, machineries, intermediate goods and raw materials used in production are imported. Cost of imports can, therefore, be expected to have substantial influence on domestic inflation (during 2001-2006) directly (through final goods) or indirectly (through intermediate goods). Unfair cartel among the suppliers might seriously hamper the course of the economy by engendering inflation via the creation of a false su pply shortage even during a period of robust growth in production. Such an undesirable event allegedly occurred in FY06 when the food inflation remained high (7.76 percent) in the same fiscal year despite the growth in food production (4.49 percent8 vis-à  -vis 2.21percent in FY05). Monopolistic control of several food items such as sugar, onion, pulses and edible oil by market syndication seems to have led this situation.9Obviously such manipulation is a type of supply side disturbance. Inflation has emerged as a global phenomenon in recent months largely reflecting the  impact of higher food (The IMF food price index was 44.4 percent at June 2008)and fuel prices and strong demand conditions especially in the emerging economies. In line with global trends, Bangladesh also experienced rising inflation with the 12-month average CPI inflation touching 9.94 percent in June 2008. In the fiscal year 2009, global oil price has shifted upward dramatically so fast. So that the price of fuel & power has driven very sharp impact on our economy by increasing the price of Industrial product and reduces the output of industry. Though our government has taken needed initiatives to minimize the inflation rate but they have failed up to the expectation. In the fiscal year 2010, global food price has shifted upward dramatically so fast. So that the price of food has driven very sharp impact on our economy. Though the inflation has decreased to a reasonable rate (5.4 percent), the price of food is beyond to the normal people. Because of the insufficiency of credit to productive sectors it is unable to invest money in productive sectors whereas the money are using in less productive sectors which causes a high rate of inflation. The inflation rate in Bangladesh was recorded at 7.44 percent in February of 2014. Inflation Rate in Bangladesh is reported by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. The general point-to-point inflation rate slightly rose to 7.48 percent in March from 7.44 percent in February 2014 compared to 7.71 percent in March 2013.Inflation Rate in Bangladesh averaged 6.63 Percent from 1994 until 2014, reaching an all-time high of 12.71 Percent in December of 1998 and a record low of -0.02 Percent in December of 1996. In Bangladesh, the inflation rate measures a broad rise or fall in prices that consumers pay for a standard basket of goods. This page provides – Bangladesh Inflation Rate – actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news. According to Asian Development Bank growth moderated last year, inflation declined, and the current account returned a larger surplus. This year, growth will slip again, reflecting slower expansion in exports, falling worker remittances, and political unrest before parliamentary elections. Higher inflation and a modest current account deficit are expected. The garment industry faces challenges in adopting tough compliance and safety standards. Growth should improve in the following year, but a major boost will come only with ramped up investment in infrastructure. Economic performance As officially estimated, gross domestic product (GDP) in Fiscal Year 2013 (ended 30 June 2013) grew by 6.0%, less than the 6.2% recorded in FY2012. Agriculture growth slipped to 2.2% from 3.1% in FY2012 as crop output was held down by higher input costs, lower output prices, and unfavorable weather. Services growth slowed to 5.7% from the previous year’s 6.0% owing to stagnant imports and frequent hartals (political demonstrations) that disrupted supply chains and affected retail and wholesale trade. Industry growth rose slightly to 9.0% from 8.9% in FY2012, with contributions from construction and small-scale manufacturing. Economic prospects The forecasts for FY2014 and FY2015 rest on several assumptions: Political stability will be restored following the January 2014 national elections, improving consumer and investor confidence. The central bank will be watchful, in line with the January 2014 monetary policy statement, to keep inflation in check while helping direct steady credit flows to the private sector. Electricity and fuel prices will be raised to lower subsidy costs. It will be possible to mobilize more foreign financing, thus limiting government bank borrowing. Food grain and oil prices will remain stable on the international market. And the weather is normal. GDP growth is expected to slow to 5.6% in FY2014, owing to a decline in remittances (which have been equivalent to about 15% of private consumption spending) and as export growth tapers off in the coming months. Domestic demand was depressed in the first half of the year because the prolonged political unrest ahead of parliamentary elections in January 2014 dented consumer and investor confidence. This is reflected in lower private credit growth, a decline in imports of consumer goods and capital machinery, and modest growth in imports of raw materials. Growth is expected to rebound to 6.2% in FY2015, aided by higher remittance and export growth, as well as by prospects for continued economic recovery in the US and the euro area. A likely rise in consumer and investor confidence as the political situation stabilizes is also expected to stimulate demand and strengthen growth momentum. Source: ADB. 2014. Asian Development Outlook 2014. Manila. Effects of Inflation in Bangladeshi Economy Inflation, which some economists have dubbed as the â€Å"cruelest tax of all†, is eroding purchasing power of consumers, especially the fixed and low income groups of people in net commodity importing countries, around the world. Following the persistent high-inflation regimes in the late 1970s and early  1980s (largely due to two oil shocks), inflation rates have varied an average of two to three percent in the industrialized countries and fell to single-digit levels in many developing countries since the 1990s.1 It is widely viewed that globalization has had a positive impact on prices for over one and a half decade by heightening competition both on the demand and supply side. However, the specter of inflation has once again become a major concern for central bankers and policy makers around the world, as many countries have been experiencing high inflation largely owing to a notable increase in commodity prices. The prices of cereals, petroleum products, edible oil, and metals are skyrocketing in the international markets in recent years. Consequently, the commodity price indices have shown an upward trend lately A widely discussed plausible cause of high inflation in Bangladesh is the impact of global price hike. As a food and petroleum importing country, Bangladesh has to bear the brunt of global price hike of these items. Since the beginning of the current decade and up to 2008 global prices of fuel and food followed an increasing trend which got transmitted into the country’s domestic economy. There has been some respite from high inflationary pressure towards the end of 2008 and 2009 due to the global meltdown and the resultant price fall of major commodities in the global market. With the turn round of the global Economy from the recession towards the end of 2009 and beginning of 2010, inflation started to shoot up. This trend was also observed in Bangladesh. The major source of high inflation in Bangladesh is high food inflation. The reason behind this assumption is that food carries a large weight in the CPI of Bangladesh. The weight of food items in the CPI commodity basket of Bangladesh is as high as 58.8 per cent of which the share of rice is 20.1 per cent. Hence the rise in food inflation affects the overall inflation significantly. Based on BBS data, it has been estimated that the contribution of rice inflation to the overall inflation was 23.41 per cent in FY 2011-12. Inflation appears to have emerged as a permanent phenomenon in the economic landscape of Bangladesh over the recent past. It has started to increase since the second quarter of FY2009-10 and continued to rise throughout FY2009-10 and FY2010-11. During the first three months of FY2011-12 there has not been any change in the direction of  inflationary movements. The 12-month point to point consumer price index (CPI) inflation has reached as high as 11.97 percent in September 2011 compared to 7.61 per cent in September 2010. This is the hi ghest inflation in last one decade. As in most years, food inflation was higher than general inflation. Food inflation reached to 13.75 per cent in September 2011 as opposed to 9.72 per cent in September 2010. High food inflation had a knock on effect on non-food inflation as well, pushing it upward to settle at 8.77 percent in September 2011 from as low as 3.69 per cent in September 2010. In Bangladesh the average inflation (general) in FY 2000 was 1.94% while it is found 9.76% in FY 2011. But during these years changes in inflation did not follow any monotonic pattern. Bangladesh faces a tougher challenge in bringing down burgeoning inflation. The latest Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) data shows that inflation had increased to 11.97 % (on point-to-point or monthly count) in September, the highest in 10 years. Food inflation, which was 12.7 per cent in August, had increased to 13.90 % in September while food inflation in urban areas had increased to 14.69 % in the same month from 12.94 % in August. The data on inflation reveal that inflation in Bangladesh is influenced by food and fuel prices. Higher food and fuel prices obviously affect inflation rate. The recent declining trend in food and non-food inflation may be explained by the decline in global commodity prices like petroleum, rice, pulses, onion, edible oil and other food items and higher domestic production of food due to favorable weather condition and some effective measures taken by the Government which included conducting open market operation, exemption of duties on essential commodities, sufficient import of food grains, strengthening of internal procurement and its supply, expansion of subsidies on fuel and fertilizer and widening of social safety net program etc. Another feature of recent inflation in Bangladesh is that rural food inflation has been closer to urban food inflation which was not the case in Bangladesh till August 2010. The likely causes for high rural inflation could be increasing demand due to higher purchasing power of the rural population through rising agricultural production, higher labor wages, expanded social safety net program and inflow of remittances. If compared with other South Asian countries Bangladesh stands second, next to Pakistan, in terms of the record of inflation rate in the region. Despite higher food price in the international  market, India has been able to keep its food price index down through higher production of major crops and by ensuring adequate supply in the domestic market. Pakistan epitomizes the case of a conflict economy with a high inflation rate and a very low growth rate. Higher food prices exert an upward pressure on inflation particularly in South Asian countries where such prices account for a major proportion of the inflation basket. High inflation is a major challenge in South Asia, where inflation has been in double digits in recent years and was 10.9 per cent in 2010. Some deceleration in inflation to 8.4 per cent is estimated in 2011. As inflation affects the poor disproportionately, it is a major cause of concern. High budget deficits in general are causing inflation. A few factors are believed to have contributed to the ongoing inflationary pressures in Bangladesh. The price hike of fuel and non-fuel commodities in the international markets is widely blamed for the current inflation. The depreciation in the country’s currency unit, the BDT against its major trading partners, the expansion of M3 and credit have also played a part in raising prices. Bangladesh faced two major natural disasters (summer floods and cyclone Sidr) in 2007 which damaged standing crops, among others, and escalated food prices. The current caretaker governments’ drives against corruption have exacerbated the problem. Last but not least, Bangladesh is not self-sufficient in terms of food production and the country has had a long history of food problems, if not crises. Moreover, in recent years, growth in the agriculture sector has been sluggish. Current indications show that commodity prices in the international market are likely to rise during the coming months of FY12. With greater global economic integration, inflation in Bangladesh is more open now than before to external pressures coming from outside the country. The reasons lie in many factors including high import dependence, increased global pressure of excess demand, weak productivity growth in the domestic economy, and persistence of significant structural and institutional rigidities. The last inflation episode that Bangladesh faced was not policy induced, but was fueled more by domestic supply shocks and global price hikes. But the current buildup of inflationary pressure can partly be attributed to the liquidity expansion  that took place in the first half of FY12. With rapid buildup of net foreign assets (NFA) and in the absence of sterilization, liquidity expansion has created some pressure particularly in asset markets (stock and real estate markets) and in non-food prices. These issues need more explicit consideration in Bangladesh Bank’s monetary policy response along with clear signals for the future. Conclusion 2013 is over but the pains and consequences of inflation are not over yet for the millions of people of Bangladesh. 2013 is a year of political disasters, with record level political violence and frequent abuses of human rights in Bangladesh. At the same time inflation has added as another disaster in the lives of millions of people. High inflation is never good for the economy, let alone the millions of working people of the country. Most of the people country are straightaway experiencing the blunts of high inflation, but these people are the majority and the vital forces of the economy of the country. References: Economic Review of Bangladesh (www.mof.gob) Paul A. Samuelson & W.D. Nordhaus â€Å"Economics† E. Mansfield â€Å" Microeconomics: Theory and Application† John Sloman â€Å"Economics† Akhtaruzzaman, Md. â€Å"Inflation in the Open Economy: An Application of the Error Correction Approach to the Recent Experience in Bangladesh,† Working Paper Series, WP 0602 (2005), Policy Analysis Unit (PAU), Research Department, Bangladesh Bank. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. National Accounts Statistics of Bangladesh (Revised Estimates, 1989-90 to 1998-99), Strengthening National Accounts and Poverty Monitoring Project (SNAPMP), National Accounting Wing (NAW), BBS, Ministry of Planning: Statistics Division (2000). Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) Bhattacharaya, D. â€Å"Bangladesh Economy: Macroeconomic Performance,† mimeo, Centre for Policy Dialogue, Dhaka (2004). Available at www.cpd-bangladesh.org (access date: 1, December 2005). Bruno, M. and W. Easterly. â€Å"Inflation Crises and Long-Run Growth,† World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1517 (1995). Khan, M. S. and A. S. Senhadji. â€Å"Threshold Effects in the Relationship between Inflation and Growth,† IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 48, No. 1 (2001). Tobin, J. â€Å"Money and Economic Growth,† Econometrica, 33 (1965), pp. 671-684.

The Impact of Facebook on UTM Students’ Everyday Life essay

The Impact of Facebook on UTM Students’ Everyday Life essay The Impact of Facebook on UTM Students’ Everyday Life essay The Impact of Facebook on UTM Students’ Everyday Life essayFacebook is the influential social media which has a significant impact on social relations of users. In actuality, millions of users are using Facebook on the regular basis. The growing popularity of Facebook raises the question concerning its impact on the life and social relations of users. Facebook is particularly popular among UTM students, who use Facebook as the social media to share information and communication. The revelation of the full potential of Facebook as the social media increases but the social media can have a considerable impact on the everyday life. The current study attempts to respond the following research question: What affect do UTM students think Facebook has had on their everyday lives?The study of this question is important because Facebook’s popularity growth. Consequently, the impact of Facebook on everyday life of students may increase. The analysis of the impact of Facebook on e veryday life of students now can help to forecast the further development of Facebook and its impact on the life of users in the future. At the moment, Facebook is the influential social media, which UTM students use in their everyday life to share information, including personal information and, due to its popularity, Facebook become an important vehicle media that facilitates the communication of UTM students and encourages them to use Facebook not only for communication but also for education as students spend more and more time online.Literature reviewThe social media are extremely popular today, especially among UTM students, who use them on the regular basis (Lucas Baroudi, 2002). The wide use of social media opens new opportunities for the communication of students with each other and creating new social relations online. Students as well as other users can use social media like Facebook for different purposes but the primary role of social media is their use for communicati on of users (Neuman Robson, 2010). Facebook provides multiple tools which people can use to share video and audio files as well as communicate online live as well as offline.People grow dependent on social media like Facebook because they spend more and more time online in social media (Behzad, 2003). Researchers (Behzad, 2003) point out that the amount of time users spend online has increased substantially since the appearance of social media like Facebook. The more time users spend online in social media, the higher may be the impact of social media on them. They expose themselves to the impact of social media, which become available to users 24/7 because the social media is available on mobile devices widely used, especially by students.People tend to create virtual communities using social media like Facebook (Williams, 2002). Virtual communities have emerged due to the new opportunities for stable and regular communication offered by Facebook and other social media. The creati on of virtual communities may have a considerable impact on the social life of users since they develop social relations online within their virtual communities. As the time users spend online increase, the time they spend on their regular social relations in the real world may decrease.Researchers (Pomeroy, 2003) warn against the risk of the development of internet addiction, which may be triggered by social media like Facebook (Williams, 2002). The problem of internet addiction is relevant to users of social media because social media create the illusion of the social life, which though exists in the virtual but not real world (Tanenbaum, 2003). Facebook facilitates communication and allows students as well as other users share information fast sharing not only text messages but also photo, video and audio files (Tanenbaum, 2003).MethodologyThe sample population selected for the study consisted of UTM students, who were selected randomly. All students are Facebook users. The amoun t of time they spend in the social network and their experience of using Facebook differ. The age of the sample population varied from 18 to 24. The total number of students involved in the study was 20.   Students were of different ethnic and racial origin that contributed to the cultural diversity of the selected sample population. There were eleven male and nine female students involved in the study.All participants of the study had to respond to questions of the questionnaire (See App.). The questionnaire was semi-structured and questions could be posed in different order, while some of questions could be omitted in the course of the questionnaire depending on previous responses of participants. The questionnaire will consists of questions that will lead in participants to share their experience of using Facebook and how Facebook has influenced their everyday life.The limitation of the study is the little number of participants and narrow scope of the study since the research focused on UTM students only. The inclusion of participants from other social groups, with different cultural and professional background could have revealed other issues relevant to the impact of Facebook on everyday life of users.FindingsThe study has revealed the fact that many participants are experienced users, who have been using Facebook for several years. The share of newcomers, who have been using Facebook for less than three months was very low since only one participant of the study has had such a short experience of using the social media. Therefore, the results of the study are reliable enough because participants have expertise of using Facebook as social media and they can make objective judgments on its influence on their everyday life.The average time participants spend online using Facebook varies from one hour to three hours at average on the daily basis. Consequently, participants of the study spend a considerable part of their life online in Facebook. The increa se of the time they spend online naturally raises the question concerning the possible reduction of the time they spend on the maintenance of their social relations offline, in the real world.The main changes that have occurred to participants of the study since they have started using Facebook are the expansion of the number of people they communicate with; some participants are active members of virtual online communities; some participants share actively their personal information via Facebook with their friends; all participants admitted that they have started to spend more time online but they have not noticed consistent reduction in their real world communication and relationships.Many participants admitted that they use Facebook for learning purpose from time to time buy they do not do it regularly. However, participants insisted that learning has never been their primary goal of using Facebook. Instead, they used Facebook for learning purposes as the supplementary tool but n ot as the main one. They can just consult each other and share information they need for learning using their Facebook profiles.The majority of participants agreed that Facebook has become an effective tool of communication with their family members, regardless of physical distance between them (many participants live far away from their families because of their current education). Therefore, UTM students tend to use Facebook for the communication with their parents, siblings, friends, peers and other meaningful people. They use Facebook, instead of other conventional means of communication and telecommunication systems.The Impact of Facebook on UTM Students’ Everyday Life essay part 2

Star Charts and Their Many Uses

Star Charts and Their Many Uses The night sky is a fascinating place to explore. Most backyard skygazers begin by stepping out each night and marveling at whatever appears overhead. In time, however, nearly everybody gets the urge to know about what theyre seeing.  Thats where sky charts come in handy.l Theyre like navigational charts, but for exploring the sky. They help observers identify stars and planets in their local skies. A  star chart  or a  stargazing app is one of the most important tools a skygazer can use.  They form the backbone of specialized astronomy apps, desktop programs, and are found in many astronomy books.   Charting the  Sky To get started with star charts, search out a location on  this handy Your sky page. It  lets observers select their location and get a real-time sky chart. The page can create charts for areas around the world, so its also useful for people planning trips who need to know what the skies will contain at their destination. For example, lets say someone lives in or near Fort Lauderdale, Florida. They would scroll down to Fort Lauderdale on the list​ and click on it. It will automatically calculate the sky using the latitude and longitude of Fort Lauderdale as well as its time zone. Then, a sky chart will appear. If the background color is blue, it means the chart is showing the daytime sky.  If its a dark background, then the chart shows the night sky.   The beauty of these charts is that a user can click on any object or area in the chart to get a telescope view, a magnified view of that region. It should show any objects that are in that part of the sky. Labels such as NGC XXXX (where XXXX is a number) or Mx where x is also a number indicate deep-sky objects. Theyre probably galaxies or nebulae or star clusters. M numbers are part of Charles Messiers listing of faint fuzzy objects in the sky, and are worth checking out with a telescope. NGC objects are often galaxies. They may be accessible through a telescope, although many are fairly faint and hard to spot. Astronomers over the ages have collaborated on and created different lists of sky objects. The NGC and Messier lists are the best examples and are the most accessible to casual stargazers as well as advanced amateurs. Unless a stargazer is well-equipped to search out faint, dim, and distant objects, the advanced lists really arent of too much importance to backyard-type skygazers. Its best to stick with the really obvious bright objects for good stargazing results.Some of the better stargazing apps also allow a user to connect to a computerized telescope. The user inputs a target and the charting software directs the telescope to focus on the object. Some users then go on to photograph the object (if theyre so equipped), or simply gaze at it through the eyepiece. There is no limit to what a star chart can help an observer do.   The Ever-Changing Sky Its important to remember that the sky does change night after night. Its a slow change, but eventually, dedicated observers will notice that whats overhead in January is not visible in May or June. Constellations and stars that are high in the sky in the summertime are gone by mid-winter.  This happens throughout the year. Also, the sky seen from the northern hemisphere is not necessarily the same as what is seen from the southern hemisphere. There is some overlap, of course, but in general, stars and constellations visible from the northern parts of the planet arent always going to be seen in the south, and vice-versa.The planets slowly move across the sky as they trace their orbits around the Sun. The more distant planets, such as Jupiter and Saturn, stay around the same spot in the sky for a long time. The closer planets such as Venus, Mercury, and Mars, appear to move more quickly.   Star Charts and Learning the Sky A good star chart shows not only the brightest stars visible at a given location and time but also gives constellation names and will often contain some easy-to-find deep-sky objects. These are usually such things as the Orion Nebula, the Pleiades star cluster, the Milky Way galaxy that we see from inside, star clusters, and the nearby Andromeda Galaxy. Learning to read a chart enables skygazers to know exactly what theyre looking at, and leads them to explore for more celestial goodies.  Ã‚   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

E-commerce Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

E-commerce - Coursework Example E-commerce is about using the internet to buy and sell goods and services online. Selling through websites is the fastest growing method of trading worldwide (Wigand, R.T. 1997). The two forms which comprise e-commerce are business to business trading where companies trade and exchange information using the worldwide web and the business to customer trading where companies deal directly with customers through web pages, and ordering is carried out online (Wigand, R.T. 1997). This research will primarily be concerned with the impact of building e-commerce website for business activity. Trading online enables business to reach much wider audiences while cutting the costs of traditional retailing methods. Although the website is substantial the potential benefits are enormous in providing most types of business with a competitive advantage. In the organizational landscape, the new and reasonable means that is perhaps the most encouraging of all drivers is E-commerce. It seems to have revolutionized the manner in which business processes and procedures are being undertaken (Margolis, 1999). Some of the goals that it has been able to effectively carry out are the improvement of the dealings among buyers, vendors, and suppliers, greater cost-efficiency and widening E-commerce website's scope in the global economy. This has accorded businesses more opportunities for growth and expansion (PC Week, 1999). Through an advocacy of more personalized approaches in business, it has given a new definition to competitiveness. Customer information and data are now being yielded by vendors from their consumers. The significant volume of data also allows these individuals to leverage on promotional offers and the best buys. Online trading has been successful at endorsing price competitiveness and compels online vendors to work towards this end goal (Munk, 1999). Within the retailing industry, the increased availability and accessibility of cyber trading has been the key to its immense popularity and steady rise. This also implies high cost efficiency, without the necessity of expenses such as rent, manpower cost or labor. The intense competition in physical markets and the very high fixed costs are just grateful for this innovative solution (PC Week, 1999). The broad array of products and services are appreciated and patronized by consumers. The substantial volumes of online data also compel online vendors to leverage on cost. The relative ease accorded by online shopping has allowed consumers to optimize their management of time (Mellahi & Johnson, 2000). Numerous online vendors have adapted the online store and a novel online shopping experience as concepts on the new online age. An outcome of this occurrence is the birth of the terms "cyber shops, virtual shops, e-tail, and online shops" were brought forth (Mellahi & Johnson, 2000). Physi cal vendors are pressured to cope or run the risk of being tagged obsolete. This resulted in the mushrooming of websites (PC Week, 1999). A contemporary investigation conducted by the World Trade Organization has indicated that a specifically promising future is waiting for firms who

The Vietnam War that made 1968 a Unique Year Essay

The Vietnam War that made 1968 a Unique Year - Essay Example Relevant information about the war is also recorded by Barbara Ehrenreich and John Ehrenreich, in the book, The International. This essay borrows most of the information from the two authors plus others and shows what they had in common. This will clearly bring out the full information regarding this horrific war in the rest of this essay. Vietnam War contributed to 1968 being a unique year in world history. It was on January 31, 1968, when the Tet Offensive was launched by the North Vietnamese together with Viet Cong forces which caused mass destruction and heavy losses to the U.S. and the South Vietnamese (Ehrenreich & John, 121). This was the lunar New Year holiday which was called Tet when attacks were made in the South Vietnam, out of which more than 100 towns were fiercely attacked. North Vietnam which is actually a communist society was in fight with their allies South Vietnam, a communist society and which obtained a back-up from the US army troops to fight the North Vietnamese (Kurlansky, 106). It was General Vo Nguyen Giap who came up with the plan of carrying out offensive attacks to South Vietnamese. The fight was so fierce and despite the fact that the U.S and the South Vietnamese were able to hold off the attacks made by the communists, they lost the battle to the North Vietnam (Ehrenreich & John, 122). However, North Vietnam suffered many casualties but victoriously pushe d out America from the region and this was regarded as the first phase of the battle which became to be the most famous. Thus, Vietnam War contributed to 1968 being a unique year in world history.

Abstract about Barriers to KMS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Abstract about Barriers to KMS - Essay Example The reasons why people shy away leveraging KMS will also be found out in this dissertation. The important of this research is investigate the barriers preventing people to effective use of KMS in PwC(Thailand). The concept of knowledge management will be looked at from a keen eye perspective and after dwelling this concept, the limitations will also be taken into account. The dissertation is divided into several integral sections, each has its own importance and there is something substantial in each section of the dissertation. The case of Thailand will be taken into account in this dissertation; the PwC will be closely monitored in various sections of the dissertation. A well researched conclusion will be arrived at which will sum up all the important points and which will also give a good insight on all the research questions presented in the beginning of the dissertation. The limitations of the dissertation will also be discussed at the end which will focus upon the restrictions that were faced when conducting research on the subject.

Responses to the Boasian School of Anthropology Essay Example for Free

Responses to the Boasian School of Anthropology Essay The Boasian school of anthropology, headed by Franz Boas, was among those that pioneered modern concepts in anthropology. The Boasian school was critical of overgeneralizing perspectives or theories in the sciences, including the cultural evolutionary school in anthropology, choosing instead to adopt rigorous empiricism in its approach. The Boasian school believed in the world having distinct cultures and that cross-cultural generalizing often made in the natural sciences are not possible in anthropology. The school today uses the four field approach that divides the field into socio-cultural, biological, linguistic and prehistoric anthropology. While Leslie White was educated in the Boasian school of anthropology, he later began to question the anti-evolutionary views of his early education. He developed and advocated an anthropological, ethical and political view of the world almost targeted against the Boasian school. Leslie White embraced two contradictory models of culture: the sut generts conceptions from his Boasian education and the materialist-utilitarian framework developed out of his concern with cultural evolutionism. White never reconciled the two but he definitely gave stress to the Boasian-based sut generts in case of conflicts. White feared that the Boasian schools concept of cultural determinism represented an emasculation of anthropology and instead advocated science and evolution, particularly 19th Boasian School 1 century theories. White regarded culture as superorganic made up of the technology, social organization and ideology levels. It should be noted, however, that White still held on to the Boasian-based sut generts and that he still tended to downgrade the impact made by the natural environment on culture and society. Julian Steward was a fellow evolutionist with Leslie White. Differing slightly from White, Julian stewards concepts of evolution and progress was not limited to 19th century concepts. Steward, who was a pluralist in terms of openness to other views, never sharply broke up with the Boasian school. But he did find anomalies in the historical particularism paradigm of the Boasian school. Steward viewed evolution as recurrent forms, processes, and functions, in opposition to Boasians repudiation of evolution and regularity in culture. He also perceived culture as superorganic, similar to a limited extent to Whites culturology. Steward’s multi-linear evolution aspect of his approach to anthropology differed from the extreme particularism of the Boasian school but without adopting the antithetically unilinear evolution concept of White. Boasian School 1 References (December 2006). The Paradoxical Anthropology of Leslie White. Retrieved from the American Anthropological Association Website http://www. aaanet. org/gad/history/088white2. pdf. Leslie White. (2006, July 25). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:16, December 4, 2006, from http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Leslie_Whiteoldid=65691607. (May 2006). ESP/ANT 133. University of California Davishttp://www. des. ucdavis. edu/ esp133/133-08l. htm.